Developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross of the University of Pennsylvania, cultivation theory derived from several large-scale research projects as part of an overall research project entitled ' Cultural Indicators '.

: Gerbner and Gross write that “ the substance of the consciousness cultivated by TV is not so much specific attitudes and opinions as more basic assumptions about the facts of life and standards of judgment on which conclusions are based.

Gerbner and Gross say " television is a medium of the socialization of most people into standardized roles and behaviors.

Horace Newcomb ( 1978 ) writes " More than any other research effort in the area of television studies the work of Gerbner and Gross and their associates sits squarely at the juncture of the social sciences and the humanities.

* Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Jackson-Beeck, M. ( 1979 ).

Morgan and Shanahan claim that the concept of cultivation is “ vibrant, thriving, and branching off into areas Gerbner could not have imagined .”

This is in terms of violence, race & ethnicity, gender, and occupation and the important fact that Gerbner conceived mass communication specifically to be the transporter of messages.

Gerbner, a pioneer researcher on the effects of television on society, argued that people who watched a large amount of television tended to think of the world as an intimidating and unforgiving place.

In a study by George Gerbner, it was determined that 5 percent of ' normal ' television characters are murderers, while 20 % of ' mentally-ill ' characters are murderers.

Gerbner and his team speculated that violence had an effect on the way Americans portray the world, but they wanted facts rather than just having an opinion.

Gerbner asserts that the overall concern about the effects of television on audiences stemmed from the unprecedented centrality of television in American culture.

" Gerbner attempted to devise a new, broad-based approach to the study of mass communication, one that focused on the process of mass communication itself.

: Gerbner observed that television reaches people, on average, more than seven hours a day.

" Gerbner ’ s basic prediction was that heavy TV viewers would be more likely than light viewers to see the social world as resembling the world depicted on TV.

Gerbner looked specifically at the effects that the violence portrayed on television has on Americans because he believed violence is TV ’ s primary message.

There are four attitudes that Gerbner focused on: ( 1 ) the chances of involvement with violence, ( 2 ) fear of walking alone at night, ( 3 ) perceived activity of police, and ( 4 ) general mistrust of people.

The example they give is of minority groups whose fictional television character is stereotypically more frequently victimized on television, creating an exaggerated perception of violence for individuals who watch more television Griffin sums it up nicely, when he states, " Gerbner claimed that other heavy viewers grow more apprehensive through the process of resonance.

" Furthermore, Gerbner said, “ The congruence of the television world and real-life circumstances may ‘ resonate ’ and lead to markedly amplified cultivation patterns .” This cultivation could have a large effect on our society if these viewers insist on receiving more security from the government, their work place, family, friends, etc.

Sara Baker Netzley conducted research in a similar fashion to Gerbner in the way that homosexuals were depicted on television.

The second part focused on the effects of media when looking at gender, race / ethnicity, and occupation. Michael Hughes writes about this process that “ it does not seem reasonable that these three variables exhaust the possibilities of variables available … which may be responsible for spurious relationships between television watching and the dependent variables in the Gerbner at al.

When considering different programs that are on television, it makes sense that scholars would criticize Gerbner ’ s lack of categories.

Gerbner asserts that television's major cultural function is to stabilize social patterns and to cultivate resistance to change.

The concept of a cultural " indicator " was developed by Gerbner in order to be a common concept of a social indicator.

This term is what Gerbner sought to discover in his research.

Griffin defines this as “ the difference in the percentage giving the television answer within comparable groups of light and heavy TV viewers .” Gerbner wanted to find how often individuals who watched a significant amount of television were influenced to have the same opinion as what the media is feeding them.

Gerbner is also criticized for the fact that he " lumped together " all forms of violence ; he did not split up the different types of television programs.

" Mean world syndrome " is a term coined by George Gerbner to describe a phenomenon whereby violence-related content of mass media makes viewers believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is.

" In most of the surveys Gerbner conducted, the results reveal a small but statistically significant relationship between TV consumption and fear about becoming the victim of a crime.

Gerbner draws attention in his work to three entities — institutions, messages, and publics — which he seeks to analyze.

Gerbner writes that this provides a double dose of messages that resonate and amplify cultivation.

Gerbner describes that with newer technologies such as VCR, DVD, and cable, these do not disturb the cultivation theory, but actually allow more complete access and spread of recurrent messages, although widening access to the Internet world of information can counteract that.

The other three are the meaning-construction function of the press ( Lippmann, 1920s ); cultivation theory ( Gerbner ); the agenda setting function of the press ( Shaw and McCombs ).

His work has penetrated into other fields of study and has furthered research beyond what Gerbner could have expected.

Among his many awards were the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal ( 1983 ), the Gairdner Foundation International award ( 1987 ), the Wolf Foundation prize in medicine ( 1989 ), the Rosenstiel award ( 1990 ), the National Medal of Science ( 1990 ), the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research ( 1991 ), and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize ( 1992 ).

These players include Andy Pafko ( who, coincidentally, played in the 1945 World Series as a Cub ), Gene Baker, Smoky Burgess, Don Hoak, Dale Long, Lou Brock ( whose first title was in after a mid-season trade to the St. Louis Cardinals ), Lou Johnson, Jim Brewer, Moe Drabowsky, Don Cardwell, Ken Holtzman, Billy North, Fred Norman, Bill Madlock, Manny Trillo, Greg Gross, Rick Monday, Burt Hooton, Bruce Sutter, Willie Hernández, Joe Niekro, Dennis Eckersley, Joe Carter, Greg Maddux, Joe Girardi ( as both a player and a manager ), José Vizcaíno, Glenallen Hill ( after his second stint with the Cubs ; his title came in after a mid-season trade ), Luis Gonzalez, Mike Morgan, Mark Grace, Mark Bellhorn, Bill Mueller, Scott Eyre ( whose title came in after he been traded from the Cubs during the season ), Tom Gordon, Matt Stairs, Jamie Moyer, in, Mark DeRosa and Mike Fontenot — the former of whom had been traded the offseason before, the latter having been traded that midseason, and in, Ryan Theriot who was traded the previous season.

There was little initial reaction to Bachofen ’ s theory of cultural evolution, largely because of his impenetrable literary style, but eventually, as well as furious criticism, the book inspired several generations of ethnologists, social philosophers, and even writers: Lewis Henry Morgan, Friedrich Engels, who drew on Bachofen for Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State, Thomas Mann, Jane Ellen Harrison, who was inspired by Bachofen to devote her career to mythology, Walter Benjamin, Erich Fromm, Robert Graves, Rainer Maria Rilke, Joseph Campbell, Otto Gross and opponents such as Julius Evola.

( Enthnohistory: Gross & Khera pg 33, 34 ).

The women undertook the sewing ( Enthnohistory: Gross & Khera pg. 32 ).

( Gross & Khera pg.

Women made needles from the wingbones of seabirds and the thread was made of sinews of different animals and fish guts ( Gross & Khera pg.

The countdown show, ranking the top songs of the previous week, has been a staple of weekend radio programming since 1970 ; current hosts of countdown shows in various formats include Rick Dees, Ryan Seacrest, Jeff Foxworthy, Kix Brooks, Bob Kingsley, Crook & Chase, Randy Jackson, Walt Love, Al Gross, Dick Bartley, and ( via reruns ) Casey Kasem.

* Sills Cummis & Gross ( formerly Sills, Beck, Cummis, Radin, Tischman & Zuckerman ), a U. S. corporate law firm

In 1942 during World War II, a team headed by Revolite's Johnny Denoye and Johnson & Johnson's Bill Gross developed a new adhesive tape for the US military, intended to seal ammunition cases against moisture.

The Civic Square Building in downtown New Brunswick houses the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning & Public Policy and the Mason Gross School of the Arts.

Other ways of measuring innovation have traditionally been expenditure, for example, investment in R & D ( Research and Development ) as percentage of GNP ( Gross National Product ).

* Lucifer # 35-45 ( Apr-Feb 2004 ) by Mike Carey, Peter Gross and Dean Ormston ; with David Hahn & Ted Naifeh

Peter Gross worked on a pre-Vertigo issue of Swamp Thing and an early Vertigo issue of Shade the Changing Man (# 36, June 1993 ) before penciling & inking a story featuring Timothy Hunter in the " Children's Crusade " crossover Arcana Annual ( Jan. 1994 ).

Konrad Gross and Wolfgang Klooss ( Wurzburg: Konighausen & Neuman, 1981 ), 69-79.

Antony Hegarty, lead vocalist in Antony & The Johnsons, talked with Terry Gross in February 2009 about recording the debut self-titled Hercules & Love Affair album.

* Cassis, Gerasimos & Gross, Gordon ( 1995 ): Australian Biological Resources Study – Hemiptera: Heteroptera ( Coleorrhyncha to Cimicomorpha ).

* Carmody, Steven ; Gross, Walter ; Nelson, Theodor H .; Rice, David ; van Dam, Andries ( 1969, April ) A Hypertext Editing System for the / 360, Center for Computer & Information Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, File Number HES360-0, Form AVD-6903-0, pages 26 – 27

Curvilinear Riverside Drive also has many beautiful pre-war houses and larger buildings, including the graceful curving apartment buildings — The Paterno and The Colosseum ( apartment building ) by Schwartz & Gross — at 116th St and Riverside Drive.

Composer / musician Walter Gross was an A & R executive and arranger for the label in the late 1940s.

Gross disposable income for Bridgend & Neath Port Talbot in 2006 stood at £ 3, 338million or £ 12, 379 per head.

** Robert Spano ( conductor ); Kelley O ' Connor, Jessica Rivera & Dawn Upshaw ; Valérie Gross & Sid McLauchlan ( producers ) ( Women Of The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus ; Atlanta Symphony Orchestra ) for Golijov: Ainadamar: Fountain Of Tears

On March 4, Gil Gross was chosen to become the next host of News & Comment.

*** " Children & Monsters " ( with Dean Ormston and Peter Gross, in # 9-13, 2001 )