The first proposal for a tank was by the Austrian Oberleutenant Günther Burstyn who, in 1911, proposed a design for " motor artillery " ( Motorengeschütz ) with a turret, but his design never progressed beyond a German patent in 1912.

The first tank versus tank action took place on 24 April 1918 at Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, when three British Mark IVs met an advance of three German A7Vs, supported by infantry.

As the amount of German armour encountered by the Allies decreased, especially in Italy, a number of American tank destroyer units were used in the assault gun role for infantry support.

The first German tank destroyers were the Panzerjäger (" tank hunters ") which took an existing anti-tank gun and mounted it on a convenient chassis to give mobility, usually with just a three-sided gun shield for protection.

One of the more successful German tank destroyers was actually designed as a self-propelled artillery gun, the Sturmgeschütz III.

During the interwar period, aircraft and tank technologies matured and were combined with systematic application of the German tactics of infiltration and bypassing of enemy strong points.

Where the allied armies were slow to deploy and study the tank in the inter-war years, the German army was very eager to study and master this new technology.

The German leadership had also been criticized for failing to understand the technical advances of the First World War, having given tank production the lowest priority and having conducted no studies of the machine gun prior to that war.

Guderian insisted in 1933 to the high command that every tank in the German armoured force must be equipped with radio.

This proved critical in early tank battles where German tank commanders exploited the organizational advantage over the Allies that radio communication gave them.

He later developed plans for massive, independent tank operations, which he claimed was subsequently studied by the German military.

The appearance of the aircraft and tank in the First World War, often hailed as a revolution in military affairs ( RMA ), offered the German military a chance to get back to the traditional war of movement as practiced by Moltke the Elder.

Once again, the anti-tank defences were overwhelmed and about 380 New Zealanders were taken prisoner including Captain Charles Upham who gained a second Victoria Cross for his actions including destroying a German tank and several guns and vehicles with grenades despite being shot through the elbow by a machine gun bullet and having his arm broken.

* Institut für Dokumentologie und Editorik, a German think tank for the application of digital methods on historical documents

* 1943 – World War II: Battle of Prokhorovka – German and Soviet forces engage in the largest tank engagement of all time.

1940 was at the very end of the era of the light tank, and the German behemoths of the later war years were still in the future: many tanks were surprisingly vulnerable.

This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat.

Warfare in the early 20th century ( 1914 – 1918 ) Clockwise from top: front line Trench warfare | Trenches, a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | British Mark I ( tank ) | Mark I Tank crossing a trench, the Royal Navy battleship HMS Irresistible ( 1898 ) | HMS Irresistible sinking after striking a Naval mine | mine at the Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign | battle of the Dardanelles, a Vickers machine gun crew with gas mask s, and German Albatros D. III biplane s.

Over 80 British destroyers and 60 German torpedo-boats took part in the Battle of Jutland, which involved pitched small-boat actions between the main fleets, and several foolhardy attacks by unsupported destroyers on capital ships.

German destroyers also used innovative high-pressure steam machinery: while this should have helped their efficiency, it more often resulted in mechanical problems.

Once German and Japanese rearmament became clear, the British and American navies consciously focused on building destroyers that were smaller but more numerous than those used by other nations.

The German aircrews were not trained or equipped to attack fast moving naval targets, particularly agile naval destroyers or motor torpedo boats ( MTBs ).

A classic fast torpedo boat action was the Channel Dash in February 1942 when German E-boats and destroyers defended the flotilla of Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Prinz Eugen and several smaller ships against RN MTBs.

** WWI: Action of 17 November 1917: United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson capture Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-58 off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U. S. ships take a submarine ( which is then scuttled ).

He commanded Churchill tanks in Normandy during the Second World War and during Operation Bluecoat in late July 1944, his was the first Allied unit to encounter German Jagdpanther tank destroyers, being attacked by three out of the twelve of these vehicles which were in Normandy.

Buchheim was an officer in a propaganda unit of the German Navy in the Second World War, writing as a war correspondent about his experiences on minesweepers, destroyers and submarines.

On the night of 31 August 1940, the sea to the northwest of Texel was the scene of the sinking of two British destroyers and the severe damage of a third by German mines in what became known as the Texel Disaster.

Despite fierce fighting, the British were overwhelmed and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct German gunfire.

During World War II, tank destroyers were developed to counter German mobile armored units.

This operation was protected from German attack by British destroyers and submarines patrolling Heligoland Bight, which German ships would have to cross when leaving their home ports.

They observed that German destroyers had adopted a regular pattern of patrols where each evening cruisers would escort out destroyers, which would patrol for British ships during the night before being met and escorted home each morning.

Their idea was to send in a superior force during darkness to catch the German destroyers as they returned.

, and were positioned further out to draw the German destroyers out to sea.

The sound of firing alerted the remaining German destroyers, who had been moving north, but turned south towards home.

He sighted 10 German destroyers which he chased through increasing mist for 30 minutes until the ships reached Heligoland and he was forced to turn away.

Stettin withdrew, since the German destroyers had now escaped, but Frauenlob was engaged by Arethusa.

German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason.

Examples include the U. S. M901 ITV ( Improved TOW Vehicle ) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an M113 chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the BRDM reconnaissance car, the British FV438 Swingfire and FV102 Striker and the German Raketenjagdpanzer series built on the chassis of the HS 30 and Marder IFV.

The design is based upon a German war bonds poster by Fritz Erler ( painter ) | Fritz Erler.

Hot dogs and hamburgers are both based on traditional German dishes, brought by German immigrants to the United States, but in their modern popular form they can be reasonably considered American dishes.

Although the early German Panzerjäger carried more effective weapons than the tanks on which they were based, they were generally lacking in protection for the crew, having thinly armored open-topped superstructures.

Through Wolgemut's tutelage, Dürer had learned how to make prints in drypoint and design woodcuts in the German style, based on the works of Martin Schongauer and the Housebook Master.

In all his theoretical works, in order to communicate his theories in the German language, rather than Latin, Dürer used graphic expressions based on a vernacular, craftsmen's language.

Articles 20 to 146 GG regulate the organization of Germany and legitimize and rule its bodies such as German Bundestag, Bundesrat of Germany or the government and the legislation based on the constitution.

Each of the national governments based in Berlin — the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany — initiated ambitious ( re -) construction programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the city's architecture.

The German army Chief of Staff, Hans von Seeckt, moved doctrine away from what he argued was an excessive focus on encirclement towards one based on speed.

While early German tanks, Stuka dive-bombers and concentrated forces were used in the Polish campaign, the majority of the battle was conventional infantry and artillery based warfare and most Luftwaffe action was independent of the ground campaign.

Some historians were prepared to go even further, claiming that blitzkrieg was not merely an operational doctrine of the German armed forces but a strategic concept on which the leadership of the Third Reich based its strategic and economic planning.

Moreover Frieser states that surviving German economists and members of the German General Staff have denied Germany went to war based on a blitzkrieg strategy.

Widely available German, British, and American records agree on certain facts, but a number of details of the incident may or may not have been fabricated based upon a less notable or extensive violation.

But in her effort to win Bulgaria for the Central Powers, and seeing the inevitability of Ottoman disintegration, was toying with the idea of replacing the Balkan area of the Ottomans with a friendly Greater Bulgaria in her San Stefano borders — an idea that was based on the German origin of the Bulgarian King and his anti-Russian sentiments.

A diagram of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre based on a German documentary, traditional site of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus

*" Evaluation of the WWII German ID tag system "-Article on the weak points of WWII era German ID tags based on observations made during the recovery of missing soldiers.

Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U. S. Occupation Zone, based in Frankfurt am Main.

The first DECT product to reach the market, Olivetti's Net < sup > 3 </ sup >, was a wireless LAN, and German firms Dosch & Amand and Hoeft & Wessel built niche businesses on the supply of data transmission systems based on DECT.

His medical reputation was based on his Tuta ac efficax luis venereae saepe absque mercurio ac semper absque salivatione mercuriali curando methodus ( 1684 ) which was translated into French, Dutch and German.