The city is home to the University of Bonn, one of Germany's most reputable institutions of higher learning.

With a population of 3. 5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union.

To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance, consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres in length passing through all of Germany's 15 largest cities?

The Final Solution () was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of the systematic genocide of European Jews during World War II, resulting in the most deadly phase of the Holocaust.

Germany's second most important international airport is Munich.

Peaceful collaborations with its neighbors remain one of Germany's biggest political objectives, and Germany has been on the forefront of most achievements made in European integration:

Germany's most popular breads are:

However, over time East Germany's abbreviation DDR became colloquial also among most West Germans and West German media.

As a result, most of Germany's central territories became the Sowjetische Besatzungszone ( SBZ, Soviet Occupation Zone ).

Though " president " and various monarchic titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes ( usually republics ), the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning " leader " in the national language, such as Nazi Germany's single party chief and head of state and government, Adolf Hitler Führer ( see that article for equivalents ).

In fact, one or two stories published before the war had been critical of fascism ; most prominently, King Ottokar's Sceptre showed Tintin working to defeat a coup attempt that could be seen as an allegory of the Anschluss, Nazi Germany's takeover of Austria.

Goebbels was one of the most enthusiastic proponents of aggressively pursuing Germany's territorial claims sooner rather than later, along with Himmler and Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop.

* 1940 – World War II: Operation Ariel begins – Allied troops start to evacuate France, following Germany's takeover of Paris and most of the nation.

Because of Ribbentrop's firmly held views that Britain was Germany's most dangerous enemy and that an Anglo-German war was thus inevitable, it scarcely mattered to him when his much desired war with Britain came.

Initially the main task of the new Imperial Navy was coastal protection, with France and Russia seen as Germany's most likely future enemies.

Ironically, the film was released in the final few weeks of Nazi Germany's existence, when most of the country's cinemas were already destroyed.

The air war on the Western Front received the most attention in the annals of military aviation, since it produced aces such as Manfred von Richthofen, popularly known as the Red Baron, Ernst Udet, Hermann Göring, Oswald Boelcke, Werner Voss, and Max Immelmann ( the first airman to win the Pour le Mérite, Imperial Germany's highest decoration for gallantry, as a result of which the decoration became popularly known as the Blue Max ).

Many in the Luftwaffe command believed medium bombers to be sufficient power to launch strategic bombing operations against Germany's most likely enemies ; France, Czechoslovakia and Poland.

2002 and 2003 also saw lower figures, and in 2004 and 2005 the parade was cancelled because of funding difficulties and coordinated opposition from most of Germany's green parties.

Among his most famous paintings are the triptych Metropolis ( 1928 ), a scornful portrayal of depraved actions of Germany's Weimar Republic, where nonstop revelry was a way to deal with the wartime defeat and financial catastrophe, and the startling Portrait of the Journalist Sylvia von Harden ( 1926 ).

France, the main exception, was devastated by Bismarck's wars and his harsh subsequent policies towards it ; France became one of Germany's most bitter enemies in Europe.

In the first all-German elections in 1990, the PDS won only 2. 4 % of the nationwide vote, but under a one-time exception to Germany's electoral law entered the Bundestag with 17 deputies led by Gysi, one of Germany's most charismatic and articulate politicians.

Eysenck left Nazi Germany to live in Britain, and was not shy in attacking Stalinist ' communism ' ( which he regarded as representative of communist ideology ), noting the anti-Semitic prejudices of the Russian government, the luxurious lifestyles of the USSR's leaders despite their talk about equality and the poverty of their people, and the Orwellian " doublethink " of East Germany's naming itself the German Democratic Republic despite being " one of the most undemocratic regimes in the world today.

Particularly its early reports and serials in regards to the Reichstag fire authored by former SS officers Paul Carell ( who had also served as chief press spokesman for Nazi Germany's Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ) and Fritz Tobias have since about the year 2000 been considered influential in historiography due to the fact that since the 1960s the Spiegel reports written by these two authors had made accredited historian Hans Mommsen a lifelong champion for the guilt blame of Marinus van der Lubbe, the man the Nazis themselves had presented as perpetrator of the Reichstag fire in 1933.

According to Barbara Tuchman in The Proud Tower: Europe 1880-1914, this view was so influential on the British empire and American naval strategists of the turn of the 19th to 20th century, that it effectively motivated the rise of the United States Navy and Germany's and Russia's and Japan's attempts to become main naval powers.

Scepticism was initially expressed by Germany's influential Free Workers ' Union of Germany ( FAUD ) towards the Bolsheviks ' concept of an international of trade unions, known as the Profintern.

Jackson's German language debut single, Santo Domingo ( b / w Morgen, ja morgen ), recorded at Electrola's studios in Cologne, peaked at No. 5 on the official German charts and at No. 1 on the charts of Germany's most influential teen magazine, Bravo.

Gustav Stresemann, one of Germany's most influential Foreign Ministers and a 1926 Nobel Peace Prize laureate

The SDS opposed the Vietnam War and Germany's political involvement in it, as well as the use of nuclear weapons, and objected that many former Nazis still held influential positions in Germany.

Together with Dieter Hildebrandt, in 1956 he created the " Münchner Lach-und Schießgesellschaft ", one of Germany's most successful and influential sites of political cabaret, for which he was producer and director up to his death.

The most important single company however, is Hubert Burda Media, one of Germany's most influential publishing companies.

In 1955 at the age of 14 she entered the Folkwangschule in Essen then directed by Germany's most influential choreographer Kurt Jooss, one of the founders of German Expressionist dance.

Eric Warburg, son of Max Warburg, returned to Germany and was influential in restoring Germany's reputation after the Second World War.

The university has been home to many of Germany's greatest thinkers of the past two centuries, among them the subjective idealist philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte, the theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, the absolute idealist philosopher G. W. F.

In the 1924 national election, the Munich cultural journal Süddeutsche Monatshefte published a series of articles blaming the SPD and trade unions for Germany's defeat in World War I, which came out during the trial of Adolf Hitler and Ludendorff for high treason following the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923.

* 1999 – The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national convicted of murder during a botched bank robbery, in spite of Germany's legal action to attempt to save him.

On April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, Guernica was the scene of the Bombing of Guernica by the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe.

Germany's exclusion was a result of prejudice towards Germans by the allied powers after World War I Germany was finally admitted into IUPAC during 1929.

Operation Sea Lion () was Nazi Germany's plan to invade the United Kingdom during the Second World War following the Fall of France.

Operation Barbarossa, or Case Barbarossa, was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War.

The Waffen-SS were frontline combat troops trained to fight in Germany's battles during World War II.

* 1939 – World War II: The Soviet Union joins Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland during the Polish Defensive War of 1939.

Polish Silesia was among the first regions invaded during Germany's 1939 attack on Poland.

In 1903, Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel completed Germany's first fully functional submarine, Forelle which was sold to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War in April 1904.

In 1940, during the early days of World War II, Pujol decided that he must make a contribution " for the good of humanity " ( and to oppose the Franco regime ) by helping Britain – which, with its Empire, was Germany's only adversary at the time.

Weimar culture was a flourishing of the arts and sciences that happened during the Weimar Republic ( between Germany's defeat at the end of World War I in 1918, and Hitler's rise to power in 1933 ).

Fascism, a movement which grew out of post-war angst and which accelerated during the Great Depression of the 1930s, gained momentum in Italy, Germany and Spain in the 1920s and 1930s, culminating in World War II ( 1939 – 1945 ), sparked by Nazi Germany's aggressive expansion at the expense of its neighbors.

* January 31 – WWI: Germany's first large-scale use of poison gas as a weapon occurs when 18, 000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas are fired on the Imperial Russian Army on the Rawka River west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov ; however, freezing temperatures prevent it being effective.

Because of the extravagant promises made by Tirpitz before 1914 that sea power equalled world power, and because of the equally extravagant sums that were spent on the Navy during the Anglo-German naval race ( by 1913-14, the Anglo-German naval race was costing so much money as the Reich government continued to pour vast sums of money into the Navy that concerns started to be expressed about Germany's creditworthiness.

As head of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( Supreme Command of the Armed Forces ) and de facto war minister under Adolf Hitler, he was one of Germany's most senior military leaders during World War II.

Brown-coloured shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large batch of them were cheaply available after World War I, having originally been ordered during the war for colonial troops posted to Germany's former African colonies.

* Slovak Republic ( 1939-1945 ), Germany's puppet ally during ( and shortly before ) World War II, also called the First Slovak Republic or the Slovak state

The final scene of Rainer Werner Fassbinder's film The Marriage of Maria Braun takes place during the finals of the 1954 World Cup ; in the scene's background, the sports announcer is celebrating West Germany's victory and shouting " Deutschland ist wieder was!

In 1940, during the second World War, coinciding with their ally Germany's invasion of France, the Japanese invaded French Indochina.

The most terrible period of human history is at an end, the twelve year reign of bestiality, ignorance and anti-culture under the greatest criminals, during which Germany's 2000 years of cultural evolution met its doom.

Following Germany's defeat in 1918 a council of workers and soldiers appeared during the November Revolution but was replaced by the new Weimar Republic in the following year.

Among the most important factors in their relations is Nazi Germany's role in the genocide of European Jews during the Holocaust.