Given that the bulk of family chores fell to women, and that they were five times more likely than men to head a single-parent family, the shortcomings of Finland's child day-care system affected women more than it did men.

Given the shortcomings of the linear regression model for dealing with a dichotomous criterion, it is necessary to use some other analysis.

Given these shortcomings, those modern weapons that were available were allocated to the British Army, and the Home Guard was forced to supplement the meagre amount of outdated weapons and ammunition they had with ad hoc weapons.

Given that some of their prey are considered pests, hornets may be considered beneficial under some circumstances.

Given that white is the most effective color in terms of facilitating the reflection of ground light, the hypothesis that straight hair could have been adaptively favorable, cannot be fully discounted in this regard.

Given a parameter or hypothesis about which one wishes to make inference, statistical inference most often uses:

Given this belief, the hypothesis that the Seri people transplanted it is doubtful.

Given that all Jews had been expelled from the province of Styria ( which includes Graz ) in the 15th century and were not allowed to return until the 1860s, scholars such as Ian Kershaw and Brigitte Hamann dismiss as baseless the Frankenberger hypothesis, which before had only Frank's speculation to support it.

Given this hypothesis that a novel FOXP2 sequence can aid echolocation, echolocating and non echolocating cetaceans might be predicted to display differences in their FOXP2 sequences.

Given the consistent failures in this research literature to disprove the null hypothesis, the burden of empirical proof is on those who argue that the children of sexual minority parents are worse off than the children of heterosexual parents.

Given the preceding information, the knowledge gap hypothesis can be expressed using the following set of related propositions:

The general scenario is the following: Given a class S of computable functions, is there a learner ( that is, recursive functional ) which for any input of the form ( f ( 0 ), f ( 1 ),..., f ( n )) outputs a hypothesis ( an index e with respect to a previously agreed on acceptable numbering of all computable functions ; the indexed function should be consistent with the given values of f ).

* Bernhard Riemann publishes his paper on number theory, die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen (" On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude ") including the Riemann zeta function and Riemann hypothesis.

Given the null hypothesis that the observed frequencies result from random sampling from a distribution with the given expected frequencies, the distribution of G is approximately a chi-squared distribution, with the same number of degrees of freedom as in the corresponding chi-squared test.

Given a null hypothesis and a test statistic T, we can specify a " null value " T < sub > 0 </ sub > such that values of T close to T < sub > 0 </ sub > present the strongest evidence in favor of the null hypothesis, whereas values of T far from T < sub > 0 </ sub > present the strongest evidence against the null hypothesis.

Given strong evidence that CIRP holds, the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis can serve as a test to determine whether UIRP holds ( in order for the forward rate and spot rate to be equal, both CIRP and UIRP conditions must hold ).

* A Given ( mathematics ) is a presumption, assumed hypothesis, or definition in mathematics, statistics, or logic.

Given the lack of evidence of many Freudian hypotheses, some scientific researchers proposed the existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian ones.

Given the potential for sampling biases of individual survey reports, researchers and investors try sometimes to average the values of different index reports into a single aggregated measure of consumer confidence.

Given the ACE model, researchers can determine what proportion of variance in a trait is heritable, versus the proportions which are due to shared environment or unshared environment.

Given that the logit is not intuitive, researchers are likely to focus on a predictor's effect on the exponential function of the regression coefficient-the odds ratio ( see definition ).

Given this lack of semantic transparency, researchers, outreach workers, critical theorists and LGBT activists have proposed and use terms such as institutionalized homophobia, state (- sponsored ) homophobia, sexual prejudice, anti-gay bigotry, straight privilege, The Straight Mind ( a collection of essays by French writer Monique Wittig ), heterosexual bias, compulsory heterosexuality or the much lesser known terms heterocentrism, homonegativity, and from gender theory and queer theory, heteronormativity.

Given the need for such warheads to reenter the atmosphere swiftly and retain hypersonic velocities to sea level, researchers developed what are known as SHARP materials, typically hafnium diboride and zirconium diboride, whose thermal tolerance exceeds 3600 C. SHARP equipped vehicles can fly at Mach 11 at 30 km altitude and Mach 7 at sea level.

Given the lack of regulatory standards in the U. S., some public-health researchers have raised the concern that consumers cannot be certain that spirulina and other blue-green algae supplements are free of contamination.

Given the time taken to fully research answers, researchers are typically known to earn under the national average wage.

Given the backdrop of what was taking place in Northern Ireland when the UVF bombing republican targets at will, either the researchers decided to take poetic licence to the limit or the truth was being twisted by knaves to make trap for the fools.

Given the slower pre-erythrocytic development and longer incubation period compared to the other malaria causing Plasmodium species, the researchers hypothesized that the anti-malarials may not be effective enough against the pre-erythrocytic stages of P. malariae.

* Given any topological space X, the continuous real-or complex-valued functions on X form a real or complex unitary associative algebra ; here the functions are added and multiplied pointwise.

Idealists are skeptics about the physical world, maintaining either: 1 ) that nothing exists outside the mind, or 2 ) that we would have no access to a mind-independent reality even if it may exist ; the latter case often takes the form of a denial of the idea that we can have unconceptualised experiences ( see Myth of the Given ).

Given the complexity of the calculations involved and the convoluted structure that a convertible bond can have, an arbitrageur often relies on sophisticated quantitative models in order to identify bonds that are trading cheap versus their theoretical value.

Given that Bozizé accuses Sudan of supporting the UFDR rebels who are actively fighting the Central African Government, the relation between the two countries has remained good.

Given this popular understanding of the term, it can also be used illegitimately and inappropriately, as a means to dismiss what are in fact substantial and well-evidenced accusations.

Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or cycling, though in many settings this may require some infrastructure modification, particularly to attract the less experienced and confident.

Given the rugged terrain of Ngazidja and Nzwani, and the dedication of extensive tracts to agriculture on all three islands, population pressures on Comoros are becoming increasingly critical.

Given this basic definition, further criteria are needed to establish a dividing line between postlexical clitics and morphological affixes, since both are characterized by a lack of prosodic autonomy.

Given that a father's age is 1 less than twice that of his son, and that the digits AB making up the father's age are reversed in the son's age ( i. e. BA ), leads to the equation 19B-8A

Given its different forms, there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents ' responses to it.

* Given a partition of A, G is a transformation group under composition, whose orbits are the cells of the partition ‡;

* Given a transformation group G over A, there exists an equivalence relation ~ over A, whose equivalence classes are the orbits of G.

Raymond also coined an aphorism he dubbed " Linus ' Law ", inspired by Linus Torvalds: " Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow ", that first appeared in The Cathedral and the Bazaar.

Given the great historical link between Persian and Jewish history, modern day Persian Jews are called " Esther's Children ".

Given that the vast majority of all emeralds are treated as described above, and the fact that two stones that appear visually similar may actually be quite far apart in treatment level and therefore in value, a consumer considering a purchase of an expensive emerald is well advised to insist upon a treatment report from a reputable gemological laboratory.

Given the difficulty of finding exact solutions, Einstein's field equations are also solved frequently by numerical integration on a computer, or by considering small perturbations of exact solutions.

Given a trigonometric series f ( x ) with S as its set of zeros, Cantor had discovered a procedure that produced another trigonometric series that had S ' as its set of zeros, where S ' is the set of limit points of S. If p ( 1 ) is the set of limit points of S, then he could construct a trigonometric series whose zeros are p ( 1 ).

Given that genes are universal to living organisms, genetics can be applied to the study of all living systems, from viruses and bacteria, through plants and domestic animals, to humans ( as in medical genetics ).

Given a groupoid G, the vertex groups or isotropy groups or object groups in G are the subsets of the form G ( x, x ), where x is any object of G. It follows easily from the axioms above that these are indeed groups, as every pair of elements is composable and inverses are in the same vertex group.

On poverty, Hoover said that " Given the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation ", and promised, " We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land ," but within months, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred, and the world's economy spiraled downward into the Great Depression.

Given that the coiled texture is the natural state of some African Americans ' hair, or perceived as being more " African ", this simple style is now often seen as a sign of self-acceptance and an affirmation that the beauty norms of the ( eurocentric ) dominant culture are not absolute.

Given these two assumptions, the coordinates of the same event ( a point in space and time ) described in two inertial reference frames are related by a Galilean transformation.