Glutamate results in cell death by turning on the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors ( NMDA ); these receptors cause an increased release of calcium ions ( Ca2 +) into the cells.

: Glutamate is a small, amino acid neurotransmitter, and is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter at almost all synapses in the central nervous system.

Image: Glutaminsäure-Glutamic acid. svg | Glutamate

Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase ( GAD ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA and CO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

* Glutamate an amino acid and flavor enhancer often used in Chinese dishes.

* GRID1, GRID2, human genes ; Glutamate receptor, ionotropic delta 1 or 2

Glutamate is another product of glutamine metabolism ; however, glutamate is a substrate for GS inhibiting it to act as a regulator to GS. 2 Each inhibitor can reduce the activity of the enzyme ; once all final glutamine metabolites are bound to GS, the activity of GS is almost completely inhibited.

Glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the most important mechanisms known to trigger cell death in CNS disorders.

Glutamate can then be decarboxylated ( requiring vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub >) into the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.

:: Glutamate can cause excitotoxicity when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, resulting in brain damage.

Glutamate can depolarize some neurons and hyperpolarize others.

Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is usually associated with excitatory postsynaptic potentials in synaptic transmission, however, a study completed at the Vollum Institute at the Oregon Health Sciences University demonstrates that glutamate can also be used to induce inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in neurons.

Glutamate can depolarize some neurons and hyperpolarize others, allowing photoreceptors to interact in an antagonistic manner.

Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, may, therefore, be released from these neurons in large amounts, which — by binding with nearby glutamatergic neurons — triggers excessive calcium ( Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >) release in these post-synaptic cells.

More recently, an alternative classification system called GRAFS ( Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled / Taste2, Secretin ) has been proposed.

** Hyperinsulin Hyperammonia syndrome ( HIHA ) due to Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 gene.

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

Glutamate acts on several different types of receptors, and have effects that are excitatory at ionotropic receptors and a modulatory effect at metabotropic receptors.

Glutamate is one of two primary excitatory amino acids, the other being Aspartate.

* Glutamate is used at the great majority of fast excitatory synapses in the brain and spinal cord.

: Glutamate is one of the components present in every natural protein and is therefore also one of the many components of yeast extract.

Glutamate has a long history in cooking.

Glutamate receptors ( GluRs ) are localized to the postsynaptic density, and are anchored by cytoskeletal elements to the membrane.

Glutamate is in the glutamate binding site and glycine is in the glycine binding site.

Glutamate binding to the metabotropic receptors, however, produces diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and inositol triphosphate ( IP3 ) second messengers.

** Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter.

Glutamate is excitatory, meaning that the release of glutamate by one cell usually causes adjacent cells to fire an action potential.

( Note: Glutamate is chemically identical to the MSG commonly used to flavor food.

Some of the most common naturally occurring brain toxins that lead to neurotoxicity as a result of excessive dosage are: Beta amyloid ( Aβ ), Glutamate and Oxygen radicals.

Glutamate is a chemical found in the brain that poses a toxic threat to neurons when found in high concentrations.

“ Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Used in Treatment of Alzheimer ’ s Disease Prevent Glutamate Neurotoxicity via Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Phospha tidylinositol 3-kinase Cascade ” Neuropharmacology 51. 3.

A proton is transferred from an unspecified Brønsted acid to ammonia, a Brønsted base ; alternatively, ammonia acts as a Lewis base and transfers a lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a hydrogen ion.

Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form HA H < sup >+</ sup > + A < sup >−</ sup >, where HA represents the acid and A < sup >−</ sup > is the conjugate base.

For example, HCl has chloride as its anion, so the-ide suffix makes it take the form hydrochloric acid.

The generic structure of an alpha amino acid in its unionized form

Below pH 2. 2, the predominant form will have a neutral carboxylic acid group and a positive α-ammonium ion ( net charge + 1 ), and above pH 9. 4, a negative carboxylate and neutral α-amino group ( net charge − 1 ).

Chemically, Agent Orange is an approximately 1: 1 mixture of two phenoxyl herbicides – 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2, 4-D ) and 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2, 4, 5-T ) – in iso-octyl ester form.

As defined by Arrhenius, acid – base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (), and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide () ions.

“ Clean ” or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than 5. 7, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid.

Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur containing compounds.

Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid:

Lewis theory explains that an acid is a substance which is capable of accepting a pair of electrons from another substance during the process of bond formation, while a base is a substance which can provide a pair of electrons to form a new bond.

a proton may hop from one molecule of acetic acid on to a water molecule and then on to an acetate anion to form another molecule of acetic acid and leaving the number of acetic acid molecules unchanged.

Progressing through the states, hydrochloric acid can be oxidized using manganese dioxide, or hydrogen chloride gas oxidized catalytically by air to form elemental chlorine gas.

In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, ( aq ), is the main form, which, with water,, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid-the equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide.

Catalysts may affect the reaction environment favorably, or bind to the reagents to polarize bonds, e. g. acid catalysts for reactions of carbonyl compounds, or form specific intermediates that are not produced naturally, such as osmate esters in osmium tetroxide-catalyzed dihydroxylation of alkenes, or cause lysis of reagents to reactive forms, such as atomic hydrogen in catalytic hydrogenation.

A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at exactly same amounts, form a neutral salt.

* The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the four-carbon acceptor compound ( oxaloacetate ) to form a six-carbon compound ( citrate ).

The citric acid cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of acetyl-CoA, entering at step 1 below.

Dysprosium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the yellow Dy ( III ) ions, which exist as a < sup > 3 +</ sup > complexes:

In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand.