* Glutathione peroxidase

Glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) () is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.

Glutathione peroxidase 1 ( GPx1 ) is the most abundant version, found in the cytoplasm of nearly all mammalian tissues, whose preferred substrate is hydrogen peroxide.

Glutathione peroxidase 4 ( GPx4 ) has a high preference for lipid hydroperoxides ; it is expressed in nearly every mammalian cell, though at much lower levels.

Glutathione peroxidase 2 is an intestinal and extracellular enzyme, while glutathione peroxidase 3 is extracellular, especially abundant in plasma.

Glutathione peroxidases use glutathione as an electron donor and are active with both hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxide substrates.

The product line focuses on technology developed by Dr Robert Keller and Dr Herbert T. Nagasawa which raises levels of Glutathione in the body.

Glutathione deficiencies can lead to hemolysis caused by oxidative stress, and we already know that nitric oxide is one of the important vasodilators in blood vessels.

USML-2 Experiments included: the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment ( STDCE ), the Drop Physics Module, the Drop Dynamics Experiment ; the Science and Technology of Surface-Controlled Phenomena experiment ; the Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell Experiment ; the Crystal Growth Furnace, the Orbital Processing of High Quality Cadmium Zinc Telluride Compound Semiconductors experiment ; the Study of Dopant Segregation Behavior During the Crystal Growth of Gallium Arsenide ( GaAs ) in Microgravity experiment ; the Crystal Growth of Selected II-VI Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification experiment ; the Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury Cadmium Tellurida in Microgravity experiment ; the Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace ( ZCG ), the Interface Configuration Experiment ( ICE ), the Oscillatory Thermocapillary Flow Experiment ; the Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion Experiment ; the Particle Dispersion Experiment ; the Single-Locker Protein Crystal Growth experiment ; ( including the Protein Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity ( PCAM ) and the Diffusion-controlled Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity ( DCAM )); the Crystal Growth by Liquid-Liquid Diffusion, the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth experiment ; the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility, Crystallization of Apocrystacyanin C experiment ; Crystal Structure Analysis of the Bacteriophage Lambda Lysozyme, Crystallization of RNA Molecules Under Microgravity Conditions experiment ; Crystallization of the Protein Grb2 and Triclinic Lysozyme experiment ; Microgravity Crystallization of Thermophilic Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase and Thaumatin experiment ; Crystallization in a Microgravity Environment of CcdB experiment ; A Multivariate Analysis of X-ray Diffraction Data Obtained from Glutathione S Transferase experiment ; Protein Crystal Growth: Light-driven Charge Translocation Through Bacteriorhodopsin experiment ; Crystallization of Ribosome experiment ; Crystallization of Sulfolobus Solfataricus Alcohol Dehydrogenase experiment ; Crystallization of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus, Tomato Aspermy Virus, Satellite Panicum Mosaic Virus, Canavalin, Beef Liver Catalase, Concanavalin B experiment ; Crystallization of the Epidermal Growth Factor ( EGF ); Structure of the Membrane-Embedded Protein Complex Photosystem I ; Crystallization of Visual Pigment Rhodopsin ; Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus ; Astroculture Facility and Experiment.

Glutathione and other sulfur-containing peptides ( small proteins ) play a critical role in defending against toxic compounds.

The formation of carbon-centred radicals could lead to protein damage via the formation of C — C bonds or backbone fragmentation .< ref name = Hofstetter > Dustin Hofstetter, Thomas Nauser, and Willem H. Koppenol “ Hydrogen Exchange Equilibria in Glutathione Radicals: Rate Constants ” in < i > Chem.

* Cotton, S. C., et al., Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and colorectal cancer: a HuGE review.

* Lin, H. J., et al., Glutathione transferase GSTT1, broccoli, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas.

* Mitrunen, K. N., et al., Glutathione S-transferase M1, M3, P1, and T1 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to breast cancer.

Glutathione is an antioxidant that defends the body against free radical damage and some toxins, and studies in animals have suggested that milk proteins might reduce the risk of cancer.

Cytochrome c peroxidase, or CCP is a water-soluble heme-containing enzyme of the peroxidase family that takes reducing equivalents from cytochrome c and reduces hydrogen peroxide to water:

It reduces glutathione via glutathione reductase, which converts reactive H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > into H < sub > 2 </ sub > O by glutathione peroxidase.

The biochemical function of glutathione peroxidase is to reduce lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and to reduce free hydrogen peroxide to water.

Lignin peroxidase ( also " ligninase ", EC number 1. 14. 99 ) is a hemoprotein from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium with a variety of lignin-degrading reactions, all dependent on hydrogen peroxide to incorporate molecular oxygen into reaction products.

Cytochrome c peroxidase can react with hydroperoxides other than hydrogen peroxide, but the reaction rate is much slower than with hydrogen peroxide.

It is broadly effective against microorganisms and is not deactivated by catalase and peroxidase, the enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.

* Cytochrome c peroxidase, an enzyme found in yeast that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Guaiac, a natural resin extracted from the wood, is a colorless compound that turns blue when placed in contact with substances that have peroxidase activity and then are exposed to hydrogen peroxide.

The heme portion of hemoglobin contains peroxidase and will catalyze the oxidation of guaiaconic acid when hydrogen peroxide is placed on the Guaiac card if blood is present in the stool.

* reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, peroxide, and hypobromite ( hypobromous acid, which is preferentially produced by eosinophil peroxidase ).

For example, in the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > formed by the eosinophil, and either chloride or bromide ions, eosinophil peroxidase provides a potent mechanism by which eosinophils kill multicellular parasites ( such as, for example, the nematode worms involved in filariasis ); and also certain bacteria ( such as tuberculosis bacteria ).

This reaction is strongly affected by catalysts such as manganese dioxide, or the enzyme peroxidase in organisms.

peroxidase, another peroxisomal enzyme, uses this H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > to oxidize other substrates, including phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol, by means of the peroxidation reaction:

Chemi-excitation via oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and / or catalysis by enzymes ( i. e. peroxidase, lipoxygenase ) is a common event in the biomolecular milieu.

Cytochrome c can catalyze several reactions such as hydroxylation and aromatic oxidation, and shows peroxidase activity by oxidation of various electron donors such as 2, 2-azino-bis ( 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid ) ( ABTS ), 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid and 4-aminoantipyrine.

For example, phenols, which are important pollutants, can be removed by enzyme-catalyzed polymerization using horseradish peroxidase.

The reaction has two alternative routes catalysed by two different oxidative enzymes, peroxidase s or oxidase s.

Eosinophil peroxidase forms reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen intermediates that promote oxidative stress in the target, causing cell death by apoptosis and necrosis.

The reaction proceeds through H atom abstraction from arachidonic acid by a tyrosine radical generated by the peroxidase active site.

* Cytochrome c peroxidase, maintained by the Kraut Research Group.

Axonal transport methods use a variety of dyes ( horseradish peroxidase variants, fluorescent or radioactive markers, lectins, dextrans ) that are more or less avidly absorbed by neurons or their processes.

Diagnosis is made by detecting elevated levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in the serum.

The toxicity of lipid hydroperoxides to animals is best illustrated by the lethal phenotype of glutathione peroxidase 4 ( GPX4 ) knockout mice.

Myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) is a peroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MPO gene.

The Wolff – Chaikoff effect lasts several days ( around 10 days ), after which it is followed by an " escape phenomenon ", which is described by resumption of normal organification of iodine and normal thyroid peroxidase function.

The detection of horseradish peroxidase by enzymatic chemiluminescence ( ECL ) is a common method of detecting antibodies in western blotting.