It was not until the co-reigns of Gratian and Theodosius that Arianism was effectively wiped out among the ruling class and elite of the Eastern Empire.

Under Ambrose's major influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of Paganism .< ref name = " MacMullen1984p100 "> MacMullen ( 1984 ) p. 100: ‘ The law of June 391, issued by Theodosius [...] was issued from Milan and represented the will of its bishop, Ambrose ; for Theodosius — recently excommunicated by Ambrose, penitent, and very much under his influence < sup > 43 </ sup > — was no natural zealot.

See also note 43 at p. 163, with references to Palanque ( 1933 ), Gaudemet ( 1972 ), Matthews ( 1975 ) and King ( 1961 )</ ref > Under Ambrose's influence, Theodosius issued the 391 " Theodosian decrees ," which with increasing intensity outlawed Pagan practises, and the Altar of Victory was removed by Gratian.

The first truly systematic collection was assembled by the Camaldolese monk Gratian in the 11th century, commonly known as the Decretum Gratiani (" Gratian's Decree ").

The relative moderation of Constantius ' actions toward paganism is reflected by the fact that it was not until over 20 years after Constantius ' death, during the reign of Gratian, that any pagan senators protested their religion's treatment.

St. Cyril was able to return again at the accession of Emperor Gratian after which he remained undisturbed until his death in 386.

Max " or " P. M ." The office of pontifex maximus, or head of the college of pontiffs, was held by Julius Caesar and thereafter by the Roman emperors until Gratian ( 375-383 ) relinquished it .< ref >" Gratian.

380-1, but in 383 Gratian was assassinated at Lyon, and ca.

Pope Gregory VI ( died 1048 ), born in Rome as John Gratian ( Latin Johannes Gratianus ), was Pope from 1 May 1045 until his abdication at the Council of Sutri on 20 December 1046.

Gratian, the Archpriest of St. John by the Latin Gate, was a man of great reputation for uprightness of character.

Desirous of ridding the See of Rome of such an unworthy pontiff, John Gratian paid him the money and was recognized as Pope in his stead.

The accession of Gratian, who took the name Gregory VI, did not bring peace to the Church, though it was hailed with joy even by such a strict upholder of the right as St. Peter Damian.

However, the bishops of the synod impressed upon Gratian that this act was indeed simoniacal, and called upon him to resign.

And when Hildebrand himself was elected Pope in 1073, he deliberately chose for himself the title Pope Gregory VII in order to proclaim his firm and loyal belief in the legitimacy of Gratian as Pope Gregory VI.

This New Compilation of Decretals was the culmination of a long process of systematising the mass of pronouncements that had accumulated since the Early Middle Ages, a process that had been under way since the first half of the 12th century and had come to fruition in the Decretum compiled and edited by the papally-commissioned legist Gratian and published in 1140.

From 364 to 375, the Roman Empire was governed by two co-emperors, the brothers Valentinian I and Valens ; when Valentinian died in 375, his sons, Valentinian II and Gratian, succeeded him as rulers of the Western Roman Empire.

In 378, after Valens was killed in the Battle of Adrianople, Gratian invited Theodosius to take command of the Illyrian army.

Gratian was killed in a rebellion in 383, Theodosius then appointed his elder son, Arcadius, his co-ruler for the East.

The Gothic crisis was so dire that his co-Emperor Gratian relinquished control of the Illyrian provinces and retired to Trier in Gaul to let Theodosius operate without hindrance.

Gratian sent generals to clear the dioceses of Illyria ( Pannonia and Dalmatia ) of Goths, and Theodosius was able finally to enter Constantinople on 24 November 380, after two seasons in the field.

380 ) was a Thervingian Gothic chieftain whose decisive victory at Adrianople during the Gothic War ( 376-382 ) led to favourable terms for the Goths when peace was made with Gratian and Theodosius I in 382.

The reign of Gratian forms an important epoch in ecclesiastical history, since during that period Orthodox Christianity for the first time became dominant throughout the empire.

Two years later his first son Gratian was born by his wife Marina Severa.

The first truly systematic collection was assembled by the Camaldolese monk Gratian in the 11th century, commonly known as the Decretum Gratiani (" Gratian's Decree ").

The first collection, the " Breviarium extravagantium " or summary of the decretals not contained in the " Decretum " of Gratian ( vagantes extra Decretum ), was compiled by Bernard of Pavia in 1187-1191.

The term was first applied to those papal documents which Gratian had not inserted in his " Decree " ( about 1140 ), but yet were obligatory upon the whole Church, also to other decretals of a later date, and possessed of the same authority.

His troops killed Gratian and he was accepted as Augustus in the Gallic provinces, where he was responsible for the first official executions of Christian heretics.

The first comes in Britain was Gratian the Elder, the father of emperor Valentinian I, who commanded the British field army ( comitatus ) holding this title.

Valentinian I was the twice-married brother of Valens ; his first wife Marina Severa bore him one son ( Gratian, whose first wife was Constantia, the daughter of Constantius II ), and his second wife Justina ( the widow of Magnentius ) bore him two children, a daughter ( Galla, the second wife of Theodosius I ; see below ) and a son ( Valentinian II ).

He has also argued that the second recension was due not to the original author of the first recension ( whom he calls Gratian 1 ), but rather another jurist versed in Roman law.

After appealing to both Theodosius I and Ambrose as a Christian, which is perhaps the reason why the nomination of Eugenius was approved by Theodosius I in the first place, the pagan influences of Arbogast seemed to have made their way through Eugenius, as many of the pagan temples, which had previously been closed under the emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, were now opened and restored to working condition.

Third and lastly, in 360, to Faustina, who gave birth to Constantius ' only child, a posthumous daughter named Flavia Maxima Constantia, who later married Emperor Gratian.

Theodosius and Galla had a son Gratian, born in 388 who died young and a daughter Aelia Galla Placidia ( 392 – 450 ).

Likewise, ten Roman Emperors were born in or near this city, Emperors Herennius Etruscus ( 251 ), Hostilian ( 251 ), Decius Traian ( 249-251 ), Claudius II ( 268-270 ), Quintillus ( 270 ), Aurelian ( 270-275 ), Probus ( 276-282 ), Maximianus Herculius ( 285-310 ), Constantius II ( 337-361 ) and Gratian ( 367-383 ).

Ten Roman Emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings: Herennius Etruscus ( 227-251 ), Hostilian ( 230 ?- 251 ), Decius Traian ( 249-251 ), Claudius II ( 268-270 ), Quintillus ( 270 ), Aurelian ( 270-275 ), Probus ( 276-282 ), Maximianus Herculius ( 285-310 ), Constantius II ( 337-361 ) and Gratian ( 367-383 ).

He flourished in the reigns of Constantius II, Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius I ; and he enjoyed the favour of all those emperors, notwithstanding their many differences, and the fact that he himself was not a Christian.

Dioclesian begat Galerius, Galerius begat Constantine the Great the son of Helen, Constantine begat Con-stantius, Constantius begat Maximianus, with whom the British soldiers went from Britain, and he slew Gratian the Roman emperor, and held the government of all Europe ; and he did not dismiss the soldiers, which he brought with him from Britain to return to their country on account of their bravery, but gave them many provinces and countries, that is from the pool which is on the top of the mountain of Jupiter to the city named Cantguic, and until the western mound that is Cruc Ochideint ; and from those soldiers arose a nation which is called Lettau. 1 Maximianus therefore begat Owain, Owain begat Nor, Nor begat Solor, Solor begat Glywys, Glywys begat Gwynlliw, Gwynlliw begat the most blessed Cadoc of whom we are speaking.

The altar was removed from the curia by Emperor Constantius II in 357, restored by Julian the Apostate and again removed by Gratian in 382.

Six Roman Emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings: Decius Traian ( 249 – 251 ), Aurelian ( 270 – 275 ), Probus ( 276 – 282 ), Maximianus Herculius ( 285 – 310 ), Constantius II ( 337 – 361 ) and Gratian ( 367 – 383 ).

Although the western Emperor Gratian held orthodox belief in the Nicene creed, the younger Valentinian II, who became his colleague in the Empire, adhered to the Arian creed.

** Marcus, Gratian, Constantine " III " and Constans " II " in Gaul and Britain ;

* 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity.

* February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity, in accordance with the patriarchs of Rome and Alexandria, implicitly rejecting the Arianism of the patriarch of Constantinople as heretical.

In 383 as commander of Britain, he usurped the throne against emperor Gratian ; and through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I the following year he was made emperor in Britannia and Gaul-while Gratian's brother Valentinian II retained Italy, Pannonia, Hispania, and Africa.

He founded the Valentinian Dynasty, with his sons Gratian and Valentinian II succeeding him in the western half of the empire.

In 383 the army of Britain, led by Magnus Maximus, revolted against Gratian and assassinated him at Lyons ; and when emperor Valentinian II was driven out of Italy, Ausonius retired to his estates near Burdigala ( now Bordeaux ) in Gaul.

* 384 – Gratian is murdered, Valentinian II becomes emperor.

Two years later, Gratian was assassinated in Lugdunum, and Symmachus, now urban prefect of Rome, addressed an elaborate epistle to Gratian's successor, Valentinian II, in a famous dispatch that was rebutted by Ambrose, the bishop of Milan.

Valentinian died of an apoplexy while hectoring Germanic leaders ; his sons Gratian ( r. 375 – 383 ) and Valentinian II ( r. 375 – 392 ) succeeded him in the West.

** Note: Valentinian II had been co-Emperor with Gratian from 375 until his own accession to the purple in 383

At the death of Auxentius, the great St. Ambrose was elected bishop by the people of Milan ( 374-97 ), and was the guide of princes Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius.

# The Government and Death of Jovian – Election of Valentinian I, who Associates his Brother Valens, and Makes the Final Division of the Eastern and Western Empires – Revolt of Procopius – Civil and Ecclesiastical Administration – Germany – Britain – Africa – the East – the Danube – Death of Valentinian – His Two Sons, Gratian and Valentinian II, Succeeded to the Western Empire – The Eastern Emperor is Without Influence

# Death of Gratian – Ruin of Arianism – St. Ambrose – First Civil War, against Maximus – Character, Administration, and Penance of Theodosius – Death of Valentinian II.