Gurdjieff's notable pupils include:

Olga de Hartmann was Gurdjieff's personal secretary for many years, and collected many of Gurdjieff's early talks in the book Views from the Real World ( 1973 ).

Gurdjieff then cites at length Orage's response ( given to Gurdjieff's secretary ), where he wholeheartedly agrees to dissolve his relationship with the group members and with his " old self ", citing inward feelings of personal contradiction over the past year.

Several of Gurdjieff's students kept records of these teachings and published their own accounts.

Willem Nyland, one of Gurdjieff's closest students and an original founder and trustee of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York, left to form his own groups in the early 1960s.

Gurdjieff's former students who have criticized him argue that, despite his seeming total lack of pretension to any kind of " guru holiness ," in many anecdotes his behavior displays the unsavory and impure character of a man who was a cynical manipulator of his followers.

Colin Wilson writes about "... Gurdjieff's reputation for seducing his female students.

The feature film Meetings with Remarkable Men ( 1979 ), based on Gurdjieff's book by the same name, depicts rare performances of the sacred dances taught to serious students of his work, known simply as the movements.

It is regarded as " fundamental textbook " by many modern followers of Gurdjieff's teachings, who often use it as a means of introducing new students to Gurdjieff's system of self-development.

Some critics believe that none of Gurdjieff's students were able to raise themselves to his level of understanding.

In Harlem, New York City, Jean Toomer, one of Orage's students at Greenwich Village and part and parcel of the Harlem Renaissance, was using Gurdjieff's work to confront the problem of racism.

Fictional descriptions of memetic engineering include Isaac Asimov's seminal Foundation Trilogy ( New York: Bantam Books, 1991 ), George Gurdjieff's artificial mythology Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson ( New York: Penguin USA, 1999 ); Neil Stephenson's novels Snow Crash ( New York: Bantam Spectra, 1993 ) and The Diamond Age ( New York: Bantam Spectra, 1996 ); and Robert W. Chambers ' unearthly The King in Yellow ( Buccaneer Books, 1996 ) tome, which influenced seminal horror author H. P. Lovecraft.

Jeanne de Salzmann, originally a teacher of dance, recognized as his deputy by many of Gurdjieff's other pupils.

Willem Nyland was considered by some to be Gurdjieff's closest pupil, after Jeanne de Salzmann ; he was appointed for an undisclosed special task by Gurdjieff in the USA.

Jeanne Matignon de Salzmann born Jeanne Allemand often addressed as Madame de Salzmann ( 1889 – 25 May 1990 ) was a close pupil of G. I. Gurdjieff, recognized as his deputy by many of Gurdjieff's other pupils.

After Gurdjieff's death, the various groups looked to Jeanne de Salzmann to give them direction and hold them together, but there was little inherent harmony between them.

), for 1872 ; Both Olga de Hartmann — the woman Gurdjieff called " the first friend of my inner life "— and Louise Goepfert March, Gurdjieff's secretary in the early thirties, believed that Gurdjieff was born in 1872.

There Gurdjieff's wife, Julia Ostrowska, Mr and Mrs Stjoernval, Mr and Mrs de Hartmann and Mr and Mrs de Salzmann gathered a lot of the fundamentals of his teaching.

During that time, at Gurdjieff's Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man near Paris, de Hartmann transcribed and co-wrote much of the music that Gurdjieff collected and used for his Movements exercises, as well as additional music not intended to accompany Movements.

* Thomas de Hartmann: Music for Gurdjieff's ' 39 Series ', by Wim van Dullemen, Channel Classics, 2001

In 1919, Thomas de Hartmann introduced the de Salzmanns to George Gurdjieff, a relationship that would last until Gurdjieff's death in 1949.

During 1954, there were increasingly evident differences of opinion between Bennett and Madame de Salzmann regarding the promulgation of Gurdjieff's teachings, and Bennett came to realise that an effectual working relationship with her groups was not possible.

Bennett wished to execute Gurdjieff's last directives literally, by disseminating his ideas and writings as widely as possible, especially Beelzebub's Tales to his Grandson, which Madame de Salzmann wanted to keep away from the public eye.

Many adherents of Gurdjieff's Fourth Way find parallels in de Lubicz's writings.

Henry Miller approved of Gurdjieff's not considering himself holy but, after writing a brief introduction to Fritz Peters ' book Boyhood with Gurdjieff, Miller wrote that man is not meant to lead a " harmonious life ," as Gurdjieff claimed in naming his institute.

In the 18 months before Gurdjieff's death ( in October 1949 ), Bennett visited him frequently, despite his heavy professional schedule ( he was now working for the Powell Duffryn coal company ) and his responsibilities towards the group work at Coombe Springs.

This, combined with Gurdjieff's almost fanatical dedication to the completion of this text ( Beelzebub's Tales ), suggest that Gurdjieff himself intended his ideas to continue to be practiced and taught long after his death.

* The Group ( commune ), an intentional community based on Gurdjieff's Fourth Way

As well as a laboratory researcher, Tart has been a student of the Japanese martial art of Aikido ( in which he holds a black belt ), of meditation, of Gurdjieff's work, of Buddhism, and of other psychological and spiritual growth disciplines.

Gurdjieff's Beelzebub's Tales To His Grandson.

Gurdjieff's method for awakening one's consciousness is different from that of the fakir, monk or yogi, so his discipline is also called ( originally ) the " Fourth Way.

The only account of Gurdjieff's early life, before he appeared in Moscow in 1912, appears in his book Meetings with Remarkable Men.

Four months later, Gurdjieff's eldest sister and her family reached him in Essentuki as refugees, informing him that Turks had shot his father in Alexandropol on 15 May.

In 1925 Gurdjieff's wife developed cancer ; she died in June 1926 in spite of radiotherapy and Gurdjieff's magnetic treatments.

Instead of developing body, mind, or emotions separately, Gurdjieff's discipline worked on all three to promote comprehensive and balanced inner development.

Ouspensky from 1924 to 1947 made the term and its use central to his own teaching of Gurdjieff's ideas.

Gurdjieff's teaching addressed the question of humanity's place in the universe and the importance of developing latent potentialities — regarded as our natural endowment as human beings but rarely brought to fruition.

As a result the book is perhaps not the best introduction to Gurdjieff's ideas since part of the book's intention is to frustrate and usurp the normal patterns of thought.

Gurdjieff's own writings are generally not considered the best introduction to his thought.

Opinions on Gurdjieff's writings and activities are divided.

The Italian composer and singer Franco Battiato was sometime inspired by Gurdjieff's work, for example in his song " Centro di gravità permanente "-one of most popular modern Italian pop songs.

Aleister Crowley visited his Institute at least once and privately praised Gurdjieff's work, though with some reservations.

For example, the Socratic and Platonic emphasis on " the examined life " recurs in Gurdjieff's teaching as the practice of self-observation.

The Hindu and Buddhist notion of attachment recurs in Gurdjieff's teaching as the concept of identification.

An aspect of Gurdjieff's teachings which has come into prominence in recent decades is the enneagram geometric figure.

Most aspects of this application are not directly connected to Gurdjieff's teaching or to his explanations of the enneagram.