Highly influential German classicist historians were Barthold Georg Niebuhr ( 1776-1831 ) and Theodor Mommsen ( 1817-1903 ) Historians of Germany included Johann Gustav Droysen ( 1808-84 ), Heinrich von Sybel ( 1817-95 ), and Heinrich von Treitschke ( 1834-96 ).

Leading Jewish intellectuals on university faculties included physicist Albert Einstein ; sociologists Karl Mannheim, Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse ; philosophers Ernst Cassirer and Edmund Husserl ; political theorists Arthur Rosenberg and Gustav Meyer ; and many others.

Some of the University's better-known students include: Christian Doppler, Kurt Adler, Franz Alt, Bruno Bettelheim, Rudolf Bing, Lucian Blaga, Josef Breuer, F. F. Bruce, Elias Canetti, Ivan Cankar, Otto Maria Carpeaux, Felix Ehrenhaft, Mihai Eminescu, Paul Feyerabend, Heinz Fischer, O. W. Fischer, Ivan Franko, Sigmund Freud, Alcide De Gasperi, Ernst Gombrich, Kurt Gödel, Erich Göstl, Franz Grillparzer, Jörg Haider, Edmund Husserl, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Marie Jahoda, Elfriede Jelinek, Percy Lavon Julian, Karl Kautsky, Elisabeth Kehrer, Hans Kelsen, Rudolf Kirchschläger, Arthur Koestler, Jernej Kopitar, Karl Kordesch, Karl Kraus, Bruno Kreisky, Richard Kuhn, Paul Lazarsfeld, Gustav Mahler, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Lise Meitner, Gregor Mendel, Franz Mesmer, Franc Miklošič, Alois Mock, Matija Murko, Pope Pius III, Maxim Podoprigora, Hans Popper, Karl Popper, Otto Preminger, Wilhelm Reich, Peter Safar, Mordkhe Schaechter, Arthur Schnitzler, Albin Schram, Wolfgang Schüssel, Joseph Schumpeter, Theodor Herzl, John J. Shea, Jr., Adalbert Stifter, Yemima Tchernovitz-Avidar, Kurt Waldheim, Otto Weininger, Stefan Zweig, and Huldrych Zwingli.

Ribot's work traced the origins of psychology from Immanuel Kant through Johann Friedrich Herbart, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Hermann Lotze to Wundt.

Gustav Theodor Fechner ( April 19, 1801 – November 18, 1887 ), was a German experimental psychologist.

* Heidelberger, M. ( 2001 ) Gustav Theodor Fechner, Statisticians of the Centuries ( ed.

Nature From Within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his Psychophysical Worldview Trans.

* Works of Gustav Theodor Fechner at Projekt Gutenberg-DE.

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Among its members were Gustav Bergmann, Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank, Hans Hahn, Tscha Hung, Victor Kraft, Karl Menger, Richard von Mises, Marcel Natkin, Otto Neurath, Olga Hahn-Neurath, Theodor Radakovic, Rose Rand and Friedrich Waismann.

Classical methods date back to the 19th century and were first described by Gustav Theodor Fechner in his work Elements of Psychophysics.

Apart from those mentioned above, the academic Ernst Moritz Arndt, Johann Gustav Droysen, Carl Jaup, Friedrich Theodor Vischer and Georg Waitz are especially notable.

* Gustav Theodor Fechner, German psychologist, founder of Psychophysics

Others whom Sechter taught include the composer Henri Vieuxtemps, the conductor Franz Lachner, the teacher Eduard Marxsen ( who taught Johannes Brahms piano and counterpoint ), the composer and teacher Johann Nepomuk Fuchs, Gustav Nottebohm, Karl Umlauf, the conductor and composer Kéler Béla and the pianist-composers Sigismond Thalberg, Adolf von Henselt, and Theodor Döhler, to list a few.

Müller mentored such distinguished scientists and physiologists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Theodor Schwann, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, Carl Ludwig and Ernst Haeckel.

* Gustav Theodor Fechner

Many of the classical techniques and theory of psychophysics were formulated in 1860 when Gustav Theodor Fechner published Elemente der Psychophysik.

* Weber – Fechner law ( Weber's law, Fechner's law ) – Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Theodor Fechner

The psychometrician L. L. Thurstone, founder and first president of the Psychometric Society in 1936, developed and applied a theoretical approach to measurement referred to as the law of comparative judgment, an approach that has close connections to the psychophysical theory of Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Fechner.

* November 28 – Gustav Fechner, experimental psychologist ( b. 1801 )

Gustav Fechner published chemical and physical papers, and translated chemical works by J.

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* Gustav Fechner ( 1801 – 1887 ), a German experimental psychologist

Gustav Albert Lortzing ( October 23, 1801 – January 21, 1851 ) was a German composer, actor and singer.

* November 18 – Gustav Fechner ( born 1801 ), psychologist.

Although he was unable to empirically realize the terms of his psychological theory, his efforts did lead scientists such as Ernst Heinrich Weber ( 1795 – 1878 ) and Gustav Theodor Fechner ( 1801 – 1887 ) to attempt to measure the mathematical relationships between the physical magnitudes of external stimuli and the psychological intensities of the resulting sensations.

Among its leaders were Charles Bell ( 1774 – 1843 ) and François Magendie ( 1783 – 1855 ) who independently discovered the distinction between sensory and motor nerves in the spinal column, Johannes Müller ( 1801 – 1855 ) who proposed the doctrine of specific nerve energies, Emil du Bois-Reymond ( 1818 – 1896 ) who studied the electrical basis of muscle contraction, Pierre Paul Broca ( 1824 – 1880 ) and Carl Wernicke ( 1848 – 1905 ) who identified areas of the brain responsible for different aspects of language, as well as Gustav Fritsch ( 1837 – 1927 ), Eduard Hitzig ( 1839 – 1907 ), and David Ferrier ( 1843 – 1924 ) who localized sensory and motor areas of the brain.

On 25 July 1819, Leopold married in Karlsruhe his half-grand-niece Sophie of Sweden ( 21 May 1801 – 6 July 1865 ), the eldest daughter of the former King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden, who herself was a daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden ( Leopold's half-brother ).

* Gustav Fechner ( 1801 – 1887 ), experimental psychologist

He was the third son of Grand Duke Leopold ( 1790 – 1852 ) and of his wife, Grand Duchess Sophie ( 1801 – 1865 ), who was born Princess of Sweden, daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden.

Married on 25 July 1819 in Karlsruhe his half-grand-niece, HRH Princess Sophie of Sweden ( 21 May 1801 – 6 July 1865 ), eldest daughter of the former King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden.