* 1918 – Austria-Hungary enters into an armistice with the Allies, and the Habsburg-ruled empire dissolves.

* " Austria " for the former Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Habsburg-ruled lands

Until then, both sides of the pass had been within the Habsburg-ruled Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The Spanish Netherlands, Duchy of Milan, Naples and Sardinia were given to Habsburg-ruled Austria, while Sicily was awarded to the Duke of Savoy.

Any noble living in the Habsburg-ruled lands, and who owed their allegiance to the dynasty and the Emperor of Austria, were also considered part of the Austrian aristocracy.

A small part remained within the Habsburg-ruled Bohemian Crown as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia, colloquially called Austrian Silesia.

In November 1714, as a direct result of Swedish defeats in the Great Northern War against Imperial Russia, Swedish King Charles XII unsuccessfully sought an alliance with Sultan Ahmed III ; on his way back from Istanbul, the monarch, met by troops under the command of Axel Sparre, passed through Pitești, and, after a three-week stay, made his way to Swedish Pomerania through Habsburg-ruled regions.

The " Former Standard ," used for about 300 years or more in speech in refined language, was the " Schönbrunner Deutsch ", a sociolect spoken by the imperial Habsburg Family and the nobility of Austria-Hungary.

Within two days following the assassination, Austria-Hungary and Germany advised Serbia that they should open an investigation, but Serbian Foreign Minister Gruic, speaking for Serbia replied, " Nothing had been done so far, and the matter did not concern the Serbian Government ," after which " high words " were spoken on both sides.

The six assassins caught by Austria-Hungary were tried and convicted for treason.

* France, not feeling ready for a war against Germany in 1912, took a totally negative position against the war, firmly informing its ally Russia that it would not take part in a potential conflict between Russia and Austria-Hungary if it resulted from the actions of the Balkan League.

* Austria-Hungary, struggling for a port on the Adriatic and seeking ways for expansion in the south at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, was totally opposed to any other nation's expansion in the area.

But Austria-Hungary failed to secure German backup for a firm reaction.

On November 3 Austria-Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an Armistice.

This development outraged Austria-Hungary, who was Russia's chief competitor for influence in the Balkan region ( despite being an ally of the Russians and the Germans in the Three Emperors ' League ).

Friedrich August Hayek CH (; 8 May 189923 March 1992 ), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek, was a British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism.

Under the secret Treaty of London signed in April 1915, Triple Entente powers promised Italy that it would gain Vlorë ( Valona ) and nearby lands and a protectorate over Albania in exchange for entering the war against Austria-Hungary.

On 3 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I which pitted Austria-Hungary against the Russian empire, Trotsky was forced to flee Vienna for neutral Switzerland to avoid arrest as a Russian émigré.

The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires, Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice.

Two years later, under the pressure of Allies ( especially France desperate to open a new front ), on August 14 / 27 1916 it joined the Allies, for which they were promised support for the accomplishment of national unity, Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary.

The constitution's acceptance, and the possible long-term consequences it may have had, is arguably the reason for which the powers of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Prussia then decided to partition the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ; thus putting an end to over 300 years of Polish parliamentary continuity.

Overall, during the period from 1795 until reestablishment of Poland's sovereignty in 1918, little power was actually held by any Polish legislative body and the occupying powers of Russia, Prussia ( later united Germany ) and Austria-Hungary propagated legislation for their own respective formerly-Polish territories at a national level.

In 1878, the Ganz factory, Budapest, Hungary, began manufacturing equipment for electric lighting and, by 1883, had installed over fifty systems in Austria-Hungary.

* Grebler, Leo and Winkler, Wilhelm The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the war.

# " Quadruple Alliance " was also used as an alternative term for the Central Powers of World War I, it consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

It is known also as Jugendstil,, German for " youth style ", named after the magazine Jugend, which promoted it, as Modern ( Модерн ) in Russia, perhaps named after Parisian gallery " La Maison Moderne ", as Secession in Austria-Hungary and its successor states after the Viennese group of artists, and, in Italy, as Stile Liberty from the department store in London, Liberty & Co., which popularised the style.

He set sail for Britain in August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I in which Britain, then allied with France and Russia, went to war with Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.

Ivo Lah ( also known as Ivan Lah ; Štrukljeva vas near Cerknica, Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, September 5, 1896 – March 23, 1979, Ljubljana, SFR Yugoslavia, now Slovenia ) was a Slovenian mathematician and actuary, best known for his discovery of the Lah numbers in 1955.

The university fell upon hard times when the occupation of Kraków by Austria-Hungary during the Partitions of Poland threatened its existence.

His support for the cause of ethnic Romanians in Austria-Hungary made him a prominent figure in the pro-Entente camp by the time of World War I, and ensured him a special political role during the interwar existence of Greater Romania.

In 1914, war broke out in Europe between Britain with allies and Germany, Austria-Hungary and later that year, the Ottoman Empire.

At the same time, in October 1908, Austria-Hungary seized the opportunity of the Ottoman political upheaval to annex the de jure Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878 ( see Bosnian Crisis ), and Bulgaria declared itself a fully independent kingdom.

When the great crisis of 1914 arrived, it had only two weak allies ( Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire ) left.

On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria ( the Central Powers / Triple Alliance ), while on the other side stood Serbia and the Triple Entente – the loose coalition of France, Britain and Russia, which were joined by Italy in 1915, Romania in 1916 and by the United States in 1917.

Its allies, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, surrendered ; all three empires were dissolved as the Allies achieved victory in November 1918 and occupied Germany.

Germany was the leader of the Central Powers, which included Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and later Bulgaria ; arrayed against them were the Allies, comprised chiefly of Russia, France, Britain, and in 1915 Italy.

Taking advantage of the Ottoman internal turmoil, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Bulgaria declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Austria-Hungary was represented by Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin, and from the Ottoman Empire came Talat Pasha.

On the one hand there were highly conservative representatives and noblemen from the monarchic German Empire, Austria-Hungary and a failing Ottoman Empire, and on the other side were representatives of a radical revolutionary government which was unlike anything ever seen in the world and which openly proclaimed the aim of World Revolution.

Signatories were Bolshevik Russia on the one side and the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire ( collectively the Central Powers ) on the other.

World War I radically altered the political map, with the defeat of the Central Powers, including Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottoman Empire ; and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia.

Meanwhile, existing victorious Allies such as France, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Romania gained territories, while new states were created out of the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Russian and Ottoman Empires.

After more than four years of trench warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed the Triple Entente ( France, Britain, and Russia, later replaced by the United States and joined by Italy ) emerged victorious over the Central Powers ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire ).

Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received the mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia while the Ottoman Empire retained official sovereignty.

These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 ( commonly referred to as the " Pig War "), the Bosnian crisis of 1908 – 1909 in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina ( ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909 ), and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912 – 1913 in which Serbia conquered Macedonia and Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire.

It was recognized that the complex system of opposing alliances — the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire vs. the French Third Republic, the Russian Empire, and the British Empire was likely to lead to a worldwide conflict in the event of war breaking out.

Furthermore, it was also influenced by the fate of multi-ethnic states such as Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.