Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders were Ur-Nammu ( king of Ur ), Sargon ( who established the Akkadian Empire ), Hammurabi ( who established the Old Babylonian state ), Ashur-uballit II and Tiglath-Pileser I ( who established the Assyrian Empires ).

Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMAR. UTU " solar calf "; perhaps from MERI. DUG ; Biblical Hebrew Merodach ; Greek, Mardochaios ) was the Babylonian name of a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon, who, when Babylon became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi ( 18th century BCE ), started to slowly rise to the position of the head of the Babylonian pantheon, a position he fully acquired by the second half of the second millennium BCE.

Use of the word was first attested in c. 2150 BC during the Akkadian Empire under the reign of Naram-Sin, and later in c. 1700 BC in the Code of Hammurabi.

Successive legal codes in Babylon, including the code of Hammurabi ( c. 1790 BC ), reflected Mesopotamian society's belief that law derived from the will of the gods ( see Babylonian law ).

The Code of Hammurabi is the longest surviving text from the Old Babylonian period.

Hammurabi was a First Dynasty king of the city-state of Babylon, and inherited the power from his father, Sin-Muballit, in c. 1792 BC.

As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north, the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest.

A carving at the top of the stele portrays Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god Shamash or possibly Marduk, and the preface states that Hammurabi was chosen by the gods of his people to bring the laws to them.

Exemption of the insane from full criminal punishment dates back to at least the Code of Hammurabi.

Hammurabi was from the Mesopotamian culture that revered Marduk, among others.

There is a myth that the earliest reference to thirteen being unlucky or evil is from the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi ( circa 1780 BCE ), where the thirteenth law is omitted.

* c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE: ( middle chronology ) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa ( modern Shush, Iran ) is made.

The discovery of the now-celebrated Code of Hammurabi ( hereinafter simply termed " the Code ") has made possible a more systematic study than could have resulted from just the classification and interpretation of other material.

Beginning with E. Schrader ( Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, vol II ( 1888 ), pp 299ff ) this king was usually associated with Hammurabi, who ruled in Babylon from 1792 BC until his death in 1750 BC.

In around 1800 BCE, the Amorite king of Babylon, King Hammurabi, conquered much of Mesopotamia, but this Babylonian empire collapsed after his death due to attacks from mountain-dwelling people known as the Kassites from Asia Minor, who went on to rule Babylon for over 500 years.

This last, which perhaps owed its name to Hammurabi, was conducted from the Euphrates towards Upi or Opis, which has been shown by H. Winckler ( Altorientalische Forschungen, ii.

Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals, references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi ( 1792-1750 BCE ) indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested.

Hammurabi clay cone from Sippar at Louvre

Excavations conducted there for six months, from Christmas of 1903 to June 1904, for the University of Chicago, by Dr. Edgar James Banks, proved that these mounds covered the site of the ancient city of Adab ( Ud-Nun ), hitherto known only from the Sumerian king list and a brief mention of its name in the introduction to the Hammurabi Code.

... We, the people of Israel living today, continue the long thread that stretches from the days of Hammurabi and Abraham to the modern period.

Babylonia emerged out of the Amorite dynasties ( c. 1900 BC ) when Hammurabi ( c. 1792 – 1750 BC ), unified the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad.

An Amorite named Abi-ramu or Abram was the father of a witness to a deed dated to the reign of Hammurabi's grandfather ; Ammi-Ditana, great-grandson of Hammurabi, still titled himself " king of the land of the Amorites ".

One Amorite king of Babylonia, Hammurabi ( 1792 – 1750 BC ) founded the first Babylonian Empire, which lasted only as long as his lifetime.

Some time later, the most powerful ruler in Mesopotamia ( immediately preceding the rise of Hammurabi of Babylon ) was Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria, another Amorite.

This empire came to end when Hammurabi, the Amorite king of Babylon incorporated the city into his short lived empire following the death of Ishme-Dagan I circa 1756 BC, and the next three Assyrian kings were regarded as vassals.

1531 BC, Mursili led an unprecedented march of 2000 km south into the heart of Mesopotamia where he sacked the city of Babylon, bringing an end to the Amorite dynasty of Hammurabi.

Kuturnahunte I of Elam, seizing the opportunity left by Samsu-iluna's attack on Uruk, marched into the ( now wall-less ) city and plundered it, among the items looted was a statue of Inanna which wouldn't be returned until the reign of Ashurbanipal 11 centuries In Assyria, a native vice regent named Puzur-Sin ejected Asinum who had been a vassal king of his fellow Amorite Hammurabi.

The earliest and most famous example is Code of Hammurabi which set the different punishment and compensation according to the different class / group of victims and perpetrators.

The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian law code, dating back to about 1772 BC.

In 1901, Egyptologist Gustave Jéquier, a member of an expedition headed by Jacques de Morgan, found the stele containing the Code of Hammurabi in what is now Khūzestān, Iran ( ancient Susa, Elam ), where it had been taken as plunder by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte in the 12th century BC.

The Prologue of the Code of Hammurabi ( the first 305 inscribed squares on the stele ) is on such a tablet, also at the Louvre ( Inv # AO 10237 ).

Some gaps in the list of benefits bestowed on cities recently annexed by Hammurabi may imply that it is older than the famous stele ( it is currently dated to the early 18th century BC ).

Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history.

Hammurabi is best known for the promulgation of a new code of Babylonian law: the Code of Hammurabi.

One of the first written laws in the world, the Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a stele and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although it is thought that few were literate.

Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in marble bas-reliefs in the chamber of the U. S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol.

There is also a frieze by Adolph Weinman depicting the " great lawgivers of history ", including Hammurabi, on the south wall of the U. S. Supreme Court building.

The " Code of Hammurabi " is also cited as a likely starting point for the Jewish Ten Commandments.

His code of laws, the Code of Ur-Nammu ( a fragment was identified in Istanbul in 1952 ) is one of the oldest such documents known, preceding the code of Hammurabi by 300 years.

The sixth king of this dynasty was Hammurabi ( 1792-1750 BC ) who made Babylon the capital of a vast empire and is best remembered for his code of laws.

In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi, the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used.

The principle is found in Babylonian Law ( see Code of Hammurabi ) ( 1780 BCE ).

The earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Hammurabi, produced circa 1760 BC by the Babylonian king Hammurabi.