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Harthacnut told the Norman court that Edward should be made king if he himself had no sons.
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Harthacnut and court
Ian Howard speculates that Harthacnut could have been suffering from a terminal illness, such as tuberculosis, something known to himself and his court for a while.
Ian Howard praises Harthacnut for keeping peace throughout his empire, benefiting trade and merchants, and ensuring a peaceful succession by inviting Edward to his court as his heir.
Henry of Huntingdon ( 12th century ) claimed that Harthacnut ordered for the dining tables of his court to be " laid four times a day with royal sumptuousness " which O ' Brien says is likely a popular myth.
" He praises Harthacnut for his generosity with food and drink, claiming that his table was open "... for all who wished to come to his court to be richly served with royal dishes ".
He concludes by portraying Harthacnut as a loyal son for accepting his mother, Emma, back to court.
According to this account, Magnus I of Norway ( reigned 1034 – 1047 ) visited the court of Harthacnut in Denmark, received with all official honors.
By August a report had reached Emma's daughter, Gunnhild, at the German court that her " unhappy and unjust step-mother " ( i. e. Ælfgifu ) was working to deprive Gunnhild's brother, Harthacnut, of the kingdom by holding great feasts, and trying by argument and gifts to persuade the leading nobles to give their fealty to Harold.
Harthacnut and Edward
Emma went into exile in Flanders until Harthacnut became king following Harold's death in 1040, and his half-brother Edward followed Harthacnut to England ; Edward was proclaimed king after Harthacnut's death in June 1042.
When Harthacnut himself died in 1042 Godwin supported the claim of Æthelred's last surviving son Edward the Confessor to the throne.
Twice the Queen of the English kingdom, Emma of Normandy sits here in receipt of the Encomium Emmae, with her sons Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor in the frame.
Edward was subsequently King of England on the death of Harthacnut, who, like Harold I, met his end in the throes of a fit.
She then summoned Edward and demanded his help for Harthacnut, but he refused as he had no resources to launch an invasion, and disclaimed any interest for himself in the throne.
In 1041, Harthacnut invited Edward back to England, probably as heir because he knew he had not long to live.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Edward was sworn in as king alongside Harthacnut, but a diploma issued by Harthacnut in 1042 describes him as the king's brother.
Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042, and was succeeded by Magnus in Denmark and Edward the Confessor in England.
He noted the deaths of Harthacnut ( 1042 ), Godwin, Earl of Wessex ( 1053 ), and Edward the Exile ( 1057 ) formed a suspect pattern, though the primary sources were silent on the subject.
Sten Körner also noted that the death of Harthacnut could be part of a plot, but also did not further explore the notion though the implication would be that Edward the Confessor was behind this plot.
In The Death of Kings: A Medical History of the Kings and Queens of England ( 2000 ), Clifford Brewer pointed that Edward benefited from the sudden death of Harthacnut and that Godwin, Earl of Wessex, was the father-in-law to Edward, but once led an uprising against his son-in-law.
There is an emphasis on Harthacnut, Edward and Emma serving as a trinity of rulers, in emulation of the Holy Trinity.
The Heimskringla depicts Edward portraying himself as brother and legal heir to both Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut while pointing out that he had already won the support " of all the people of the country ".
The Fagrskinna has Edward point out that he was the son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, the brother to Edmund Ironside, the stepson of Cnut, the stepbrother of Harold Harefoot, and the half-brother of Harthacnut.
Harthacnut was reigning in Denmark, Svein had joined him there following his deposition from the Norwegian throne, Edward and Alfred were in Normandy.
Harthacnut lived only another two years, and from his death in 1042 until 1066 the monarchy reverted to the English line in the form of Edward the Confessor.
When Harthacnut died, the English nobles had chosen as their king Æthelred the Unready's son Edward ( later known as Edward the Confessor ); Magnus wrote to him that he intended to attack England with combined Norwegian and Danish forces and " he will then govern it who wins the victory.
Harthacnut and be
He drove the invaders out of Denmark and established his authority over Norway and in 1028, returned to England, leaving Denmark to be ruled by King Harthacnut.
Katherine Holman was certain that Harthacnut was poisoned, but felt that that the culprit will never be known with certainty due to " no shortage of discontented candidates.
If Harthacnut was known to be dying from an illness ( see above ), the early attempts of several people to regulate his succession could be seen in a different light.
Emma Mason speculates that Cnut had build a royal residence in the vicinity of the Abbey, or that Westminster held some significance to the Danish Kings of England, which would also explain why Harthacnut would not allow a usurper to be buried there.
After the death of Harthacnut, which had left the Danish throne vacant, Magnus had in addition been selected to be the king of Denmark, and thereafter also managed to defeat the Danish royal pretender Sweyn Estridsson.
Cnut left two sons, the elder, illegitimate Harold Harefoot ( who may not even have been his son ) and the younger, legitimate Harthacnut who was supposed to be heir to the throne of all Cnut's realms.
He became so unpopular that Edward was invited to return from exile in Normandy to be recognised as Harthacnut's heir, and when Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042 ( probably murdered ), Edward ( known to posterity as Edward the Confessor ) became king.
Harthacnut and made
King Harald Hardrada of Norway also had a claim to the throne as the uncle and heir of King Magnus I, who had made a pact with Harthacnut in about 1040 that if either Magnus or Harthacnut died without heirs, the other would succeed.
Harthacnut prepared an invasion force after he had made his Danish Lands secure in 1040 and picked Emma up from Flanders before setting out to England.
He probably stayed in Denmark because of the threat from Magnus of Norway, but they eventually made a treaty by which if either died without an heir, his kingdom would go to the other, and this may have freed Harthacnut to pursue his claim to England.
Bishop Lyfing of Worcester was also charged with complicity in the crime and deprived of his see, but in 1041 he made his peace with Harthacnut and was restored to his position.
Svend was made jarl under Danish king Harthacnut, and led a campaign for him against Norway, but was beaten by Magnus I of Norway.
When Harthacnut died in 1042, Magnus claimed the Danish throne and made Svend his jarl of Jutland.
However Harold died in 1040 and was succeeded by Harthacnut, who made himself unpopular with heavy taxation in his short reign.
Harthacnut and king
After Cnut's death in 1035 the English throne fell to Harold Harefoot, his son by his first wife, while Harthacnut, his son by Emma, became king in Denmark.
Cnut died in 1035, and Harthacnut succeeded as king of Denmark.
Harthacnut was the last Danish king to rule England.
Cnut, king of England, Denmark, and Norway, and his sons Harald Harefoot and Harthacnut
However, Ulf alienated Cnut by getting the Danish provinces to acknowledge Harthacnut as king without reference to Cnut's overall authority and by failing to take vigorous measures to meet Norwegian and Swedish invasions, instead waiting for Cnut's assistance.
In 1037, Harold was generally accepted as king, Harthacnut being, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, " forsaken because he was too long in Denmark ", and Emma fled to Bruges, in Flanders.
The king allowed Godwin to escape punishment by bringing witnesses that he had acted on Harold's orders, but Godwin then gave Harthacnut a ship so richly decorated that it amounted to the wergild that Godwin would have had to pay if he had been found guilty.
The English had become used to the king ruling in council, with the advice of his chief men, but Harthacnut had ruled autocratically in Denmark and he was not willing to change, particularly as he did not fully trust the leading earls.
The Knýtlinga saga treats the death of Harthacnut as the end of an ancient line of kings, and notes that he was the last Danish king to rule over England.
Cnut, king of England, Denmark, and Norway, and his sons Harald Harefoot and Harthacnut
She had returned to England ( at least ) by 1036, while Emma's son Harthacnut was away in Denmark, at war with the Norwegian king Magnus I, and the Swedes under their king Anund Jacob.
Gorm is the reported son of semi-legendary Danish king Harthacnut.
* Harthacnut I of Denmark ( Cnut I, Danish: Hardeknud ) ( b. c. 890 ), king of Denmark
* Harthacnut ( Cnut III, Danish: Hardeknud or Knud III ) ( d. 1042 ), king of Denmark and England
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