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Hatshepsut, an extremely successful pharaoh, celebrated her Sed jubilee at Thebes — in what some Victorian-era historians insist was only her sixteenth regnal year — but she did this by counting the time she was the strong consort of her weak husband, and some recent research indicates that she did exercise authority usually reserved for pharaohs during his reign, thereby acting as a co-ruler rather than as his Great Royal Wife, the duties of which were assigned to their royal daughter.
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Hatshepsut and successful
Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful, there is evidence that Hatshepsut led successful military campaigns in Nubia, the Levant, and Syria early in her career.
Rather than the strong bull, Hatshepsut, having served as a very successful warrior during the early portion of her reign as pharaoh, associated herself with the lioness image of Sekhmet, the major war deity in the Egyptian pantheon.
Had that been true, as head of the army, in a position given to him by Hatshepsut ( who was clearly not worried about her co-regent's loyalty ), he surely could have led a successful coup, but he made no attempt to challenge her authority during her reign and, her accomplishments and images remained featured on all of the public buildings she built for twenty years after her death.
Hatshepsut and pharaoh
Historically, however, pharaoh only started being used as a title for the king during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty, after the reign of Hatshepsut.
Hatshepsut (; also Hatchepsut ; meaning Foremost of Noble Ladies ; 1508 – 1458 BC ) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
Today Egyptologists generally agree that Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh and the length of her reign usually is given as twenty-two years, since she was assigned a reign of twenty-one years and nine months by the third-century BCE historian, Manetho, who had access to many historical records that now are lost.
As a regent Hatshepsut was preceded by Merneith of the first dynasty, who was buried with the full honors of a pharaoh and may have ruled in her own right.
At this point in the histories, records of the reign of Hatshepsut end, since the first major foreign campaign of Tuthmosis III was dated to his twenty-second year, which also would have been Hatshepsut's twenty-second year as pharaoh.
The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer where a collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or amphora from the tomb's chamber — which was stamped with the date Year 7.
While all ancient leaders used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been called the most accomplished pharaoh at promoting her accomplishments.
Large granite sphinx bearing the likeness of the pharaoh Hatshepsut, depicted with the traditional false beard, a symbol of her pharaonic power — Metropolitan Museum of Art
Hatshepsut had been well trained in her duties as the daughter of the pharaoh.
After this period of transition ended, however, most formal depictions of Hatshepsut as pharaoh showed her in the royal attire, with all of the pharaonic regalia.
Moreover, the Osirian statues of Hatshepsut — as with other pharaohs — depict the dead pharaoh as Osiris, with the body and regalia of that deity.
Notably, even after assuming the formal regalia, Hatshepsut still described herself as a beautiful woman, often as the most beautiful of women, and although she assumed almost all of her father's titles, she declined to take the title " The Strong Bull " ( the full title being, The Strong Bull of his Mother ), which tied the pharaoh to the goddesses Isis, the throne, and Hathor, ( the cow who gave birth to and protected the pharaohs )— by being her son sitting on her throne — an unnecessary title for her, since Hatshepsut became allied with the goddesses, herself, which no male pharaoh could.
While Hatshepsut was depicted in official art wearing regalia of a pharaoh, such as the false beard that male pharaohs also wore, it is most unlikely that she ever wore such ceremonial decorations, just as it is unlikely that the male pharaohs did.
The Oracle of Amun proclaimed that it was the will of Amun that Hatshepsut be pharaoh, further strengthening her position.
Once she became pharaoh herself, Hatshepsut supported her assertion that she was her father's designated successor with inscriptions on the walls of her mortuary temple:
Hatshepsut had begun construction of a tomb when she was the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II, but the scale of this was not suitable for a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation for another burial started.
However, some time not long after the death of her husband ( Thutmose II ), Hatshepsut assumed the royal regalia and the title of pharaoh, reigning for 21 years.
The pharaoh Hatshepsut had the ancient temple to Mut at Karnak rebuilt during her rule in the Eighteenth Dynasty.
Hatshepsut was a pharaoh who brought Mut to the fore again in the Egyptian pantheon, identifying strongly with the goddess.
In the relief shown to the right, which is on the wall of the Hatshepsut Temple at Luxor, there are two images of Wadjet: one of her as the uraeus sun disk with her head through an ankh and another where she precedes a Horus hawk wearing the double crown of united Egypt, representing the pharaoh whom she protects.
Temple excavations at Luxor discovered a " porch of drunkenness " built onto the temple by the pharaoh Hatshepsut, during the height of her twenty year reign.
Hatshepsut and celebrated
There is also the curious fact that Hatshepsut celebrated her Sed Jubilee in her Year 16 which von Beckerath believes occurred 30 years after the death of Thutmose I, her father, who was the main source of her claim to power.
Some Egyptologists, such as Von Beckerath, in his book Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs, speculate that Hatshepsut may have celebrated her first Sed jubilee to mark the passing of 30 years from the death of her father, Thutmose I, from whom she derived all of her legitimacy to rule Egypt.
Hatshepsut and her
Although contemporary records of her reign are documented in diverse ancient sources, Hatshepsut was described by early modern scholars as only having served as a co-regent from approximately 1479 to 1458 BC, during years seven to twenty-one of the reign previously identified as that of Thutmose III.
With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne fourteen years after the coronation of Tuthmosis I, her father.
Another jar from the same tomb — which was discovered in situ by a 1935 – 1936 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside near Thebes — was stamped with the seal of the ' God's Wife Hatshepsut ' while two jars bore the seal of ‘ The Good Goddess Maatkare ’</ ref > The dating of the amphorae, " sealed into the burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb ," is undisputed which means that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as the king of Egypt by Year 7 of her reign.
It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her Deir el Bahri mortuary temple complex.
During her reign, so much statuary was produced that almost every major museum in the world has Hatshepsut statuary among their collections ; for instance, the Hatshepsut Room in New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art is dedicated solely to some of these pieces.
Another one of her great accomplishments is the Hatshepsut needle ( also known as the granite obelisks ).
Osiris | Osirian statues of Hatshepsut at her tomb, one stood at each pillar of the extensive structure, note the mummification shroud enclosing the lower body and legs as well as the crook and flail associated with Osiris — Deir el-Bahri
Modern scholars, however, have theorized that by assuming the typical symbols of pharaonic power, Hatshepsut was asserting her claim to be the sovereign rather than a " King's Great Wife " or queen consort.
All of the statues of Hatshepsut at her tomb follow that tradition.
Most of the official statues commissioned of Hatshepsut show her less symbolically and more naturally, as a woman in typical dresses of the nobility of her day.
Hatshepsut and Sed
The larger of the obelisks commemorated Hatshepsut ’ s Sed festival, which occurred at approximately the same time as the Red Chapel was built in the sixteenth year of her reign.
Hatshepsut and at
From 1894 to 1899 he then worked with Édouard Naville at Deir el-Bahari, where he recorded the wall reliefs in the temple of Hatshepsut.
Following the tradition of most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple of Karnak.
The Temple of Pakhet was built by Hatshepsut at Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya.
The Hawk of the Pharaoh, Hatshepsut — Temple at Luxor
Thutmose II soon married Hatshepsut and the latter became both his senior royal wife and the most powerful woman at court.
In the Royal Mummy Cache at DB320, an ivory canopic coffer was found that was inscribed with the name of Hatshepsut and contained a mummified liver or spleen as well as the tooth that now has been found to fit the second mummy in the wet nurse's tomb.
Waset was the capital of Egypt during part of the 11th Dynasty ( Middle Kingdom ) and most of the 18th Dynasty ( New Kingdom ), when Hatshepsut built a Red Sea fleet to facilitate trade between Thebes Red Sea port of Elim, modern Quasir, and Elat at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba.
These temple excavations at Luxor discovered a " porch of drunkenness " built onto the temple by the Pharaoh Hatshepsut, during the height of her twenty year reign.
* The Hathor Chapel at the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut.
Two images of Wadjet appear on this carved wall in the Hatshepsut Temple at Luxor
Hatshepsut was a pharaoh at this time.
So on November 17, 1997 Al-Gama ' a al-Islamiyya killing campaign climaxed with the attack at the Temple of Hatshepsut ( Deir el-Bahri ) in Luxor, in which a band of six men dressed in police uniforms machine-gunned and hacked to death with knives 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians.
He built some minor monuments and initiated at least two minor campaigns but did little else during his rule and was probably strongly influenced by his wife, Hatshepsut.
During the reign of Hatshepsut, a new architect, Senemut, would gain major commissions ; most notably the construction of her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri.
Senenmut's masterpiece building project was the Mortuary Temple complex of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri.
Senenmut's importance at the royal court under Hatshepsut is unquestionable:
File: Il tempio di Hatshepsut. JPG | Queen Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir el-Bahari, was called Djeser-Djeseru, meaning the Holy of Holies, in ancient times.
Part of the king's program included the extensive enlargement of his father's Temple of Khonsu at Karnak and the construction of a large mortuary temple near the Temple of Hatshepsut.
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