The adversarial system ( or adversary system ) is a legal system where two advocates represent their parties ' positions before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth of the case.

Environmental advocates have called for the removal of certain dams in the Columbia system in the years since.

Distributism therefore advocates a society marked by widespread property ownership and, according to co-operative economist Race Mathews, maintains that such a system is key to bringing about a just social order.

* Objectivism ( Ayn Rand ), a philosophical system based on the writings of Ayn Rand that advocates egoism

Most intelligent design advocates accept that evolution occurs through mutation and natural selection at the " micro level ", such as changing the relative frequency of various beak lengths in finches, but assert that it cannot account for irreducible complexity, because none of the parts of an irreducible system would be functional or advantageous until the entire system is in place.

For advocates of the theory that justice is part of natural law ( e. g., John Locke ), it involves the system of consequences that naturally derives from any action or choice.

OS / 2 is the only operating system which saw the creation of a semi-formal advocates organization.

Indeed, many advocates of STV argue that preventing nationwide proportionality is one of the primary goals of the system, to avoid the perceived risks of a fragmented legislature.

The Christian right strongly advocates for a system of educational choice, using a system of school vouchers, instead of public education.

Under the “ national character ” school, advocates promoted the traditional family system, the primary target of the May Fourth Movement.

A proposal for a ward based council, in which the mayor and vice mayor would continue to be elected at-large, was rejected by Roanoke voters in 1997, but ward system advocates still contend that the at-large system results in a disproportionate number of council members coming from affluent neighborhoods and that electing some or all council members on a ward basis would result in a more equal representation of all areas of the city.

She advocates against the prevalent " patriarchal logic of exclusion ," claiming that a woman-focused system would change the current system in an extremely positive manner.

Many modern nations ' views on the ethics of civilian casualties align with the Just War theory, which advocates a system of proportionality.

This view is a war-adapted version of utilitarianism, the moral system which advocates that the morally correct action is the one that does the most good.

Proponents of FMA argue that same-sex marriage advocates want to disregard federalism and use the judicial system to make same-sex marriage legal nationwide, which only the Federal Marriage Amendment can forestall.

The United States legal system does not draw a distinction between lawyers who plead in court and those who do not, unlike many other common law jurisdictions ( such as England and Wales, which distinguishes between solicitors and barrister, or, in Scotland, advocates ), and civil law jurisdictions ( such as Italy and France, which distinguish between advocates and civil law notaries ).

It is distinct from monarchism, which advocates a monarchical system of government, but not necessarily a particular monarch.

Anarcho-capitalism ( also referred to as " libertarian anarchy " and " private-property anarchism " or " market anarchism ," and " free market anarchism ") is a right-libertarian political philosophy that advocates the elimination of the state in favor of individual sovereignty in a free market.

In May 1975, as it prepared to allow unmarried blacks to enroll, BJU adopted more detailed rules prohibiting interracial dating and marriage — threatening expulsion for any student who dated or married interracially, who advocated interracial marriage, who was " affiliated with any group or organization which holds as one of its goals or advocates interracial marriage ," or " who espouse, promote, or encourage others to violate the university's dating rules and regulations.

Bancroft notes that Mather considered witches " among the poor, and vile, and ragged beggars upon Earth ," and Bancroft asserts that Mather considered the people against the witch trials to be witch advocates.

The only way to find anything that could be described as " indubitably true ," he advocates, would be to see things " clearly and distinctly ".

Silver advocates, decrying the so-called " Crime of ' 73 ," demanded restoration of free coinage actually bought more than the $ 2 million minimum amount and never circulated the silver dollars.

R. J. Buck has suggested that Thrasybulus suffered from an " anti-democratic tradition of ancient historiography ," which led many writers to minimize the accomplishments of one of democracy's strongest advocates.

* Eric Wilkinson, ( 1976 –), poet / musician who wrote Black Through A Distortion Pedal ( San Francisco Bay Press ) and started indie, social theoretical hip-hop band, The Dialectics, noted for their EP " Bicycle: A Transportation Communique ," which advocates bicycle riding as a form of social justice.

Assault weapon is a political term, often used by gun control advocates, typically referring to firearms " designed for rapidly firing at human targets from close range ," sometimes described as military-style features useful in combat.

" All of us in this community have long been advocates for permanent housing ," he said.

ProEnglish, the nation's leading advocates of " Official English ," summarizes their belief that " in pluralistic nation such as ours, the function of government should be to foster and support the similarities that unite us, rather than institutionalize the differences that divide us.

While DEA agents claim they are merely upholding federal law and only going after " major traffickers ," advocates claim the DEA targets the most prominent political activists with their raids.

This view has found advocates even in very recent times ; Lucius ' opinion particularly, that the Christian monkdom of the third century was here glorified in a Jewish disguise, was widely accepted (" Die Therapeuten ," 1879 ).

Instead, his most notable legislation was the " county option bill ," a restriction on liquor sales that pleased prohibition advocates.

This was done in a graphic contrast to left-wing " liberalism ," which, according to Nolan, advocates only " personal freedom ", and right-wing " conservatism ," which, according to Nolan, advocates only " economic freedom ".

In January 1860, Brownlow asked Whig readers to " pray against the wicked leaders of Abolitionism and the equally ungodly advocates of Secessionism ," a statement which sums up his pre-Civil War stance on both issues.

" Though scholars may continue to debate this ," Asukile writes, " it would seem hard to disprove that the later advocates of black nationalism in America, who advocated a separate nation-state based on geographical boundaries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, would not have been able to trace certain ideological concepts to Walker's writings.

Former allies in the Cherokee government turned against Boudinot and other " treaty advocates ," who included John Ridge and Major Ridge.

Low-carbohydrate diet advocates in general recommend reducing nutritive carbohydrates ( commonly referred to as " net carbs ," i. e. grams of total carbohydrates reduced by the non-nutritive carbohydrates )< ref >

As one of the nation's leading public health policy experts, Sullivan advocates a " symphony of health care delivery ," where each aspect of a given health plan is transparent and fully appreciated.

He was one of the original advocates of the so-called " Reagan Doctrine ," successfully urging the United States to support forces opposing Soviet-backed and Soviet-aligned nations and one of the first Reagan Doctrine advocates to actually visit the front lines of these hot spots ( Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua, and the former Soviet Republics ) with regularity.

The terms ' integrative ' or ' integrated medicine ' indicate combinations of conventional and alternative medical treatments that have some scientific proof of efficacy ; such practices are viewed by advocates as the best examples of complementary medicine.

About a third of all reports of Bigfoot sightings are concentrated in the Pacific Northwest, with most of the remaining reports spread throughout the rest of North America .< ref name =" Car08_p118 ">< span id =" Car08 "></ span ></ ref > Some Bigfoot advocates, such as John Willison Green, have postulated that Bigfoot is a worldwide phenomenon.

Laissez-faire advocates criticize the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problem of government intervention or “ investments ” as an avoidable aberration ; free-market advocates refer to governmental favoritism as " crony socialism ", " venture socialism " or " corporatism, a modern form of mercantilism " to emphasize that the only way to run a profitable business in such systems is to have help from corrupt government officials.

The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) is an anti-nuclear organisation that advocates unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom, international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation through agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

The exception being those areas where, up to the 19th century, civil law rather than common law was the governing tradition, including admiralty law, probate and ecclesiastical law, such cases were heard in the Doctor's Commons, and argued by advocates who held degrees either of doctor of civil law at Oxford or doctor of law at Cambridge.

Extending voting rights to excluded groups ( such as convicted felons, members of certain minorities, and the economically disadvantaged ) continues to be a goal of voting rights advocates.

Samuel Fuller's brutal, visually energetic films such as Pickup on South Street ( 1953 ) and Underworld U. S. A. ( 1961 ) earned him a unique reputation ; his advocates praise him as " primitive " and " barbarous ".

Some laissez-faire free-market advocates, like Chicago school economists, often dismiss this endogenous theory, and blame external influences, such as weather, commodity prices, technological developments, and government meddling for non-equilibrium prices.

Legalization advocates also question why " trading " where one party has more information than the other is legal in other markets, such as real estate, but not in the stock market.

He also advocates for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, assisted living, disability benefits, and the 2007 joint replacement program.

This massacre prompted the warlike Navajo leaders such as Manuelito to gain influence over those who were advocates of peace.

Libertarian socialists have been strong advocates and activists of civil liberties that provide an individual specific rights such as the freedom in issues of love and sex ( free love ) ( see Anarchism and issues related to love and sex ) and of thought and conscience ( freethought ).

The left is however divided over how to effectively and equitably reduce carbon emissions-the center-left often advocates a reliance on market measures such as emissions trading or a carbon tax, whilst those further to the left tend to support direct government regulation and intervention either alongside or instead of market mechanisms.

This leads to the web design principle of the " Rule of Least Power ", which advocates using the least ( computationally ) powerful language that satisfies a task to facilitate such manipulation and reuse.

Critics argue that MNT advocates have not provided a substitute for such a process of evolution in this nanoscale arena where conventional sensory-based selection processes are lacking.

Visiting advocates of metrication also claim that they use metric units for many things internally with exceptions such as old petrol pumps in Myanmar, calibrated in British Imperial gallons.

Singer's positions have been criticised by groups, such as advocates for disabled people and right-to-life supporters, concerned with what they see as his attacks upon human dignity.

Responsible drug use advocates that users should not take drugs at the same time as activities such as driving, swimming, operating machinery, or other activities that are unsafe without a sober state.

Feminist advocates within Orthodoxy have tended to stay within the traditional legal process of argumentation, seeking a gradualist approach, and avoiding wholesale arguments against the religious tradition as such.

The modern social democratic movement has abandoned the goal of moving toward a socialist economy and instead advocates for social reforms to improve capitalism, such as a welfare state and unemployment benefits.

Several fierce advocates of equal rights, such as Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, abstained from voting because the amendment did not prohibit devices which states might use to restrict black suffrage, such as literacy tests and poll taxes.