And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

However, it has been argued that if both texts were written by the same individual, they should have exactly identical theologies and they should agree on historical questions.

Modern opponents of instruments do not make the same assessment of instruments as these writers, who argued that God had allowed David the “ evil ” of using musical instruments in praise.

Pointing out that predicables are predicated univocally of substances ; that is, they refer to " the same thing " found in each instance, St. Thomas argued that whatever can be said about being is not univocal, because all beings are unique, each actuated by a unique existence.

Some linguists, such as John DeFrancis and J. Marshall Unger have argued that genuine ideographic writing systems with the same capacities as natural languages do not exist.

Following the lead of Yale scholar John Boswell, it has been argued that a number of Early Christians entered into homosexual relationships, and that certain Biblical figures had homosexual relationships, despite Biblical injunctions against sexual relationships between members of the same sex.

It is argued that these rules are socially constructed, that these rules act upon every member of a society, but at the same time, are re-produced by the individuals.

The same is true for Thomas Aquinas, Christian Wolff and Immanuel Kant, who claim that there are duties to ourselves as Aristotle did, although it has been argued that, for Aristotle, the duty to one's self is primary.

Jacques Derrida argued that access to meaning and the ' real ' was always deferred, and sought to demonstrate via recourse to the linguistic realm that " There is nothing outside the text "; at the same time, Jean Baudrillard theorised that signs and symbols or simulacra mask reality ( and eventually the absence of reality itself ), particularly in the consumer world.

The medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas, perhaps following the Islamic philosopher Avicenna, argued that God is pure being, and that in God essence and existence are the same.

At about the same time, the nominalist philosopher William of Ockham argued, in Book I of his Summa Totius Logicae ( Treatise on all Logic, written some time before 1327 ), that Categories are not a form of Being in their own right, but derivative on the existence of individuals.

Others have argued that data such as the Bereitschaftspotential undermine epiphenomenalism for the same reason, that such experiments rely on a subject reporting the point in time at which a conscious experience occurs, thus relying on the subject to be able to consciously perform an action.

It was once believed that real-input DFTs could be more efficiently computed by means of the discrete Hartley transform ( DHT ), but it was subsequently argued that a specialized real-input DFT algorithm ( FFT ) can typically be found that requires fewer operations than the corresponding DHT algorithm ( FHT ) for the same number of inputs.

Gay and lesbian rights advocates argued that one ’ s sexual orientation does not reflect on one ’ s gender ; that is, “ you can be a man and desire a man ... without any implications for your gender identity as a man ,” and the same is true if you are a woman.

Bekenstein argued that black holes are maximum entropy objects — that they have more entropy than anything else in the same volume.

William Paley famously argued, in his 1802 watchmaker analogy, that complexity in nature implies a God for the same reason that the existence of a watch implies the existence of a watchmaker.

Abu Bakr Al-Jassas ( d. 981 AD / 370 AH ) argued that the two hadiths on killing homosexuals " are not reliable by any means and no legal punishment can be prescribed based on them ", and the Hanafi school held that it does not merit any physical punishment, on the basis of a hadith that " Muslim blood can only be spilled for adultery, apostasy and homicide "; against this the Hanbali school held that sodomy is a form of adultery and must incur the same penalty, i. e. death.

Others ( Rowland Smith, in particular ) have argued that Julian's philosophical perspective was nothing unusual for a " cultured " pagan of his time, and, at any rate, that Julian's paganism was not limited to philosophy alone, and that he was deeply devoted to the same gods and goddesses as other pagans of his day.

Today, Hakham Meir Rekhavi has argued that chicken is kosher because it is a member of the same order as quail, Galliformes.

John Sheppard, in his analysis of dreams titled On Dreams ( 1847 ), lamented Coleridge's drug use as getting in the way of his poetry but argued: " It is probable, since he writes of having taken an ' anodyne ,' that the ' vision in a dream ' arose under some excitement of that same narcotic ; but this does not destroy, even as to his particular case, the evidence for a wonderfully inventive action of the mind in sleep ; for, whatever were the exciting cause, the fact remains the same ".

In the same year as Radley, George Watson argued that " The case of ' Kubla Khan ' is perhaps the strangest of all – a poem that stands high even in English poetry as a work of ordered perfection is offered by the poet himself, nearly twenty years after its composition, as a fragment.

It is argued that one was to be born and rise within the dispensation of Muhammad, who by virtue of his similarity and affinity with Jesus, and the similarity in nature, temperament and disposition of the people of Jesus ' time and the people of the time of the promised one ( the Mahdi ) is called by the same name.

A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified " Máel Coluim " with the later Scottish king of the same name.

Leftist critics usually argued that the United States itself created a " moral equivalence " when some of its actions, such as President Ronald Reagan's support for the Contra insurgency against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, put it on the same level of immorality as the Soviet Union.

In a small way this is illustrated by the nineteenth-century novelist who argued for the powerful influence of literature as a teacher of society and who illustrated this with the way a girl learned to meet her lover, how to behave, how to think about this new experience, how to exercise restraint.

he reasoned and argued, pointing out that Jones or other Confederate commanders would need it should troops pass that way in retreat.

Several scholars have argued that Acts used material from both of Josephus ' works, rather than the other way around, which would indicate that Acts was written around the year 100 or later.

Many goals have been argued for art, and aestheticians often argue that some goal or another is superior in some way.

He said that an organism is conscious " if and only if there is something that it is like to be that organism — something it is like for the organism "; and he argued that no matter how much we know about an animal's brain and behavior, we can never really put ourselves into the mind of the animal and experience its world in the way it does itself.

More recently, Peter Singer has argued that it is unreasonable that we do not give equal consideration to the interests of animals as to those of human beings when we choose the way we are to treat them.

It met with stronger resistance in the Senate — some Senators objected to the change of name ; Ernest Manning, who argued that the rationale for the change was based on a misperception of the name, and George McIlraith, who did not agree with the manner in which the bill had been passed and urged the government to proceed in a more " dignified way "— but finally passed.

Though a metaphor, it has been argued that this intuitive way of understanding Hume's theory that desires are necessary for motivation " captures something quite deep in our thought about their nature ".

Local politicians campaigned to get the title of the film changed because they argued that it would show the town in an unfair way, and even undermine the town as an economic centre.

However, it has been argued that anti-Semitic themes continued, especially in the depiction of Tintin's enemy Rastapopoulos in the post-war Flight 714, though other writers argue against this, pointing out the way that Rastapopoulos surrounds himself with explicitly German-looking characters: Kurt, the submarine ( or u-boat ) commander of The Red Sea Sharks ; Doctor Krollspell, whom Hergé himself referred to as a former concentration camp official, and Hans Boehm, the sinister-looking navigator and co-pilot, both from Flight 714.

However, it was never argued by the " Joint Seven-Powers " that put forward the draft resolution, during the corresponding discussions, that it in any way afforded the Assembly new powers.

Encompassing what its adherents argued was a different way of seeing, it is an art of immediacy and movement, of candid poses and compositions, of the play of light expressed in a bright and varied use of colour.

David Hume famously argued in A Treatise of Human Nature that people invariably slip between describing that the world is a certain way to saying therefore we ought to conclude on a particular course of action.

In August 1941, when the question of whether to deport foreign Jews living in Germany arose, Ribbentrop argued against deportation as a way of maximizing the Foreign Office's influence.

Ribbentrop argued to Hitler that a war between the United States and Germany was inevitable given the extent of American aid to Britain and the increasingly frequent " incidents " in the North Atlantic between U-boats and American warships guarding convoys to Britain, and that having such a war begin with a Japanese attack on the United States was the best way to begin it.

It might be argued that in New York City noise should not be regulated, because if it were, the city would drastically change in a negative way.

Whereas the central Maoist leaders encouraged the masses to criticize reactionary " ideas " and " habits " among the alleged 5 % of bad cadres, giving them a chance to " turn over a new leaf " after they had undergone " thought reform ," the Ultra-Left argued that " cultural revolution " had to give way to " political revolution " – " in which one class overthrows another class ".

Bishop, however, has argued that we need to examine the way in which the various troop types were armed and deduce from this what their battle roles were, rather than trying to consider who-wore-what.

Although these are generally considered inaccurate to the original mythologies on which they are based, it can be argued that as film itself has become a way transmitting myths, these films are no more inaccurate than the variants told by storytellers of the oral tradition.

" Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin ’ s way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat.

Strauss argued that the unavoidable nature of such arms races, which have existed before modern times and led to the collapse of peaceful civilizations, provides us with both an explanation of what is most truly dangerous in Machiavelli's innovations, but also the way in which the aims of his apparently immoral innovation can be understood.

Psychology professor Robert L. Campbell says the relationship between Objectivist epistemology and cognitive science remains unclear because Rand made claims about human cognition and its development which belong to psychology, yet Rand also argued that philosophy is logically prior to psychology and in no way dependent on it.