Lincoln successfully argued that the railroad company was not bound by its original charter in existence at the time of Barret's pledge ; the charter was amended in the public interest to provide a newer, superior, and less expensive route, and the corporation retained the right to demand Barret's payment.

According to Alan Ryan, the ideology of the original classical liberals argued against direct democracy, where law is made by majority vote by citizens, " for there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain rule of law.

Although there is no mention of Doublespeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, it has been argued that the term is a combination of two concepts-Doublethink and Newspeak which are original to his work.

Mellaart, the original excavator, argued that these well-formed, carefully made figurines, carved and molded from marble, blue and brown limestone, schist, calcite, basalt, alabaster, and clay, represented a female deity of the Great Goddess type.

Later, in his The Physiology of Fascination ( 1855 ), Braid conceded that his original terminology was misleading, and argued that the term " hypnotism " or " nervous sleep " should be reserved for the minority ( 10 %) of subjects who exhibit amnesia, substituting the term " monoideism ", meaning concentration upon a single idea, as a description for the more alert state experienced by the others.

" He later argued that the poem " is probably the most original poem about poetry in English, and the first hint outside his notebooks and letters that a major critic lies hidden in the twenty-five-year-old Coleridge.

He argued that this was a reward of natural happiness for natural virtue ; a reward of supernatural happiness for merely natural virtue would be inappropriate since, due to original sin, unbaptized children lack the necessary supernatural grace.

Others, including Dawkins himself, have argued that this usage of the term is the result of a misunderstanding of the original proposal.

Although these are generally considered inaccurate to the original mythologies on which they are based, it can be argued that as film itself has become a way transmitting myths, these films are no more inaccurate than the variants told by storytellers of the oral tradition.

Marbury had argued that the Constitution was only intended to set a floor for original jurisdiction that Congress could add to.

Furthermore, it has been argued that the Supreme Court should have been able to issue the writ on original jurisdiction based on the fact that Article III of the Constitution granted it the right to review on original jurisdiction " all cases affecting … public ministers and consuls ," and that James Madison, Secretary of State at the time and defendant of the suit, should have fallen into that category of a " public minister consul.

However, just how much of that success was due to the original Kurtzman template that he left for his successor, and how much should be credited to the Al Feldstein system and the depth of the post-Kurtzman talent pool, can be argued without resolution.

On the basis of evidence both internal and external to the text, it has been argued that this creed originated not as an editing by the First Council of Constantinople of the original Nicene Creed, but as an independent creed ( probably an older baptismal creed ) modified to make it more like the Nicene Creed of 325 and attributed to the Council of 381 only later.

On the contrary, he argued that the polygyny of the Fathers, which was tolerated by the Creator because of fertility, was a diversion from His original plan for human marriage.

Meanwhile George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike have both argued that scientific progress was perhaps less original than has traditionally been supposed.

However, SQL databases, including DB2, deviate from the relational model in many details ; Codd fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles.

After analyzing essays from " the academic Left ", scientists argued that some of these critical writers were ignorant of the original scientific documents they were criticizing and, therefore, were making a series of nonsensical statements about the nature and intent of science.

Adolf von Harnack argued that Chrestians was the original wording, and that Tacitus deliberately used Christus immediately after it to show his own superior knowledge compared to the population at large.

Some scholars therefore believe that it is an interpolation, while others have argued that it is original.

Despite the outpouring of antagonistic replies to The Age of Reason, some scholars have argued that Constantin Volney's deistic The Ruins ( translations of excerpts from the French original appeared in radical papers such as Thomas Spence's Pig's Meat and Daniel Isaac Eaton's Politics for the People ) was actually more influential than The Age of Reason.

In the case of the Equal Rights Amendment, however, it was argued that since the original March 22, 1979, deadline was contained in only the resolving clause of the joint resolution proposing the amendment — rather than in the actual text of the amendment itself — that the deadline could be altered.

On the other hand, Democritus — the original atomist — argued that all things in the universe, including light, are composed of indivisible sub-components ( light being some form of solar atom ).

A. Pasqualini has argued that Saturn was related to Iuppiter Latiaris, as the original figure of this Jupiter was superseded on the Alban Mount, whereas it preserved its gruesome character in the ceremony held on the sanctuary of the Latiar Hill in Rome involving a human sacrifice ad the aspersion of the statue of the god with the blood of the victim.

A. Pasqualini has argued that Veiovis seems related to Iuppiter Latiaris, as the original figure of this Jupiter was superseded on the Alban Mount, whereas it preserved its gruesome character in the ceremony held on the sanctuary of the Latiar Hill ( the northernmost hilltop of the Quirinal ) in Rome, which involved a human sacrifice.

He also argued that the current framework is moral, both because proving mamzer status sufficiently beyond all doubt is already so difficult that it is rare, and because the mere existence and possibility of mamzerut status, even if rarely enforced, creates an important incentive for divorcing parties to obtain a get ( Jewish religious divorce ) to avoid the sin of adultery.

1308 ), a Friar Minor Conventual like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.

Mohamed El-Moctar El-Shinqiti, a contemporary Mauritanian scholar, has argued that " though homosexuality is a grievous sin ... no legal punishment is stated in the Qur ' an for homosexuality ... it is not reported that Prophet Muhammad has punished somebody for committing homosexuality ... there is no authentic hadith reported from the Prophet prescribing a punishment for the homosexuals ..." Hadith scholars such as Al-Bukhari, Yahya ibn Ma ` in, An-Nasa ' i, Ibn Hazm, Al-Tirmidhi, and others have impugned them.

Armstrong acknowledged that this belief caused significant hardship for many members but argued that this hardship was the consequent result of the earlier ' sin of divorce '.

In classical rabbinical sources, the name is sometimes interpreted as meaning " he who listens the words of God " ( Genesis Rabbah 61: 4 ), and at other times thought to derive from sham ' in, meaning " there is sin ", which is argued to be a prophetic reference to Zimri's sexual miscegenation with a Midianite woman, a type of relationship which rabbinical sources regard as sinful ( Jewish Encyclopedia ).

Pelagius argued that Augustine's doctrine that humans went to hell for doing what they could not avoid ( sin ) was tantamount to the Manichean belief in fatalism and predestination, and took away all of mankind's free will.

Niebuhr argued that to approach religion as the individualistic attempt to fulfill biblical commandments in a moralistic sense is not only an impossibility but also a demonstration of man's original sin, which Niebuhr interpreted as self-love.

Austin contends that commanding cruelty for its own sake is not illogical, so is not covered by Aquinas ' defence, although Aquinas had argued that sin is the falling short of a perfect action and thus not compatible with omnipotence.

Thus Calvin argued that Jesus was exempt from original sin because he was sanctified at the moment of birth so that his generation was without blemish ; as generation has been blemishless before the fall of Adam.

He argued that Vichitravirya's wives were like his daughters ; having niyoga with them was a heinous sin, through which no good could come.

He may have charged white Americans with the sin of turning " coloured people of these United States " into " the most degraded, wretched, and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began ,", but as historian Sean Wilentz has argued, " even in his bitterest passages Walker did not repudiate ... republican principles, or his native country.

Chaucer may have also been referencing a doctrine of St. Augustine of Hippo concerning the Donatist heresy of fourth and fifth century Northern Africa in which Augustine argued that a priest's ability to perform valid sacraments was not invalidated by his own sin.

Unable to use the letter of the Bible to make a scriptural case against slavery in itself, the moderates argued that although slavery had been acceptable in biblical times, it had become a sin.

Arguing that idolatry was an unforgivable sin and that the church had no right to readmit lapsed members to communion, he argued that the church could admit to the penitent to penitence-for-life, but only God could give forgiveness.

In his 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding English physician and philosopher John Locke argued that the child resembled a blank tablet ( tabula rasa ) at birth, and was not inherently full of sin.

He argued that poverty arose from social factors, not sin and sloth, and that higher wages should be paid to workers to mitigate disease by reducing the effect of overcrowding and destitution.

Some Christian opponents argued, when vaccination was first becoming widespread, that if God had decreed that someone should die of smallpox, it would be a sin to thwart God's will via vaccination.

He argued that Sabbath was not kept before Moses, and was only instituted as a sign to Israel and a temporary measure because of Israel's sinfulness, no longer needed after Christ came without sin.

Original sin, he argued, convinces people that the source of their misery lies in the inherent and unchangeable " sinfulness " of humanity rather than in the forms of social organization and institutions, which, Marx argued, can be changed through the application of collective social planning.