Singer argued from a preference-utilitarian perspective, writing that speciesism violates the principle of equal consideration of interests, the idea based on Jeremy Bentham's principle: " each to count for one, and none for more than one.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

In a small way this is illustrated by the nineteenth-century novelist who argued for the powerful influence of literature as a teacher of society and who illustrated this with the way a girl learned to meet her lover, how to behave, how to think about this new experience, how to exercise restraint.

When all else fails, it is argued that open sessions slow down governmental operations.

Taking account of the fact that such a move on our part would be unpopular in world opinion, he argued that the responsibility of the United States is `` to do, confidently and firmly, not what is popular, but what is right ''.

Of course, it can be argued that an ability to write English correctly and with some degree of elegance is a marketable skill.

It could be argued that any fellowship which centers in residential neighborhoods is doomed to become an expression of the panic for stable identity among the middle classes.

Cox argued that the bill is `` probably unconstitutional '' since, he said, it would impair contracts.

Attorney Dwight L. Schwab, in behalf of defendant Philip Weinstein, argued there is no evidence linking Weinstein to the conspiracy, but Judge Powell declared this is a matter for the jury to decide.

After Cuba and Laos, it was argued, Mr. Khrushchev will interpret the President's consent to the meeting as further evidence of Western weakness -- perhaps even panic -- and is certain to try to exploit the advantage he now believes he holds.

The real reason for his rejection, they argued, is the fact that Georgia law automatically cuts off funds for any desegregated school.

Thomas Jay Oord has argued in several books that altruism is but one possible form of love.

Martin Heidegger argued that the relation between the subject and object is ambiguous, as is the relation of mind and body, and part and whole.

Recently, Corey Anton has argued that we cannot be certain what is separate from or unified with something else: language, he asserts, divides what is not in fact separate.

Korzybski's work argued that human knowledge of the world is limited both by the human nervous system and by the structure of language.

This is to avoid the notion that a writing system that represents sounds must be either a syllabary or an alphabet, which implies that a system like Aramaic must be either a syllabary ( as argued by Gelb ) or an incomplete or deficient alphabet ( as most other writers have said ); rather, it is a different type.

The Platonist seemed to outweigh the Aristotelian in Alan, but he felt strongly that the divine is all intelligibility and argued this notion through much Aristotelian logic combined with Pythagorean mathematics.

A related argument is from conscience ; John Henry Newman argued that the conscience supports the claim that objective moral truths exist because it drives people to act morally even when it is not in their own interest.

George Wittkowsky argued that Swift ’ s main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.

Many-worlds is often referred to as a theory, rather than just an interpretation, by those who propose that many-worlds can make testable predictions ( such as David Deutsch ) or is falsifiable ( such as Everett ) or by those who propose that all the other, non-MW interpretations, are inconsistent, illogical or unscientific in their handling of measurements ; Hugh Everett argued that his formulation was a metatheory, since it made statements about other interpretations of quantum theory ; that it was the " only completely coherent approach to explaining both the contents of quantum mechanics and the appearance of the world.

Powell was a member of the Suez Group of MPs who were against the removal of British troops from the Suez Canal because such a move would demonstrate, Powell argued, that Britain could no longer maintain a position there and that any claim to the Suez Canal would therefore be illogical.

Hegel argued that Fries ' methodology was not sufficiently scientific and that, therefore, his conclusions were illogical.

Thomas Aquinas argued that God's omnipotence should be understood as the ability to do all things that are possible: he attempted to refute the idea that God's inability to perform illogical actions challenges his omnipotence.

Austin contends that commanding cruelty for its own sake is not illogical, so is not covered by Aquinas ' defence, although Aquinas had argued that sin is the falling short of a perfect action and thus not compatible with omnipotence.

Paul Waldau writes that Ryder used the term in the pamphlet to address experiments on animals that he regarded as illogical, and which, he argued, a fully informed moral agent would challenge.

Some have argued that Jesus ' action in regard to the fig tree seems illogical, since one might assume that a divine Jesus would know that the tree would not have figs or could have simply produced the figs by a miracle as opposed to cursing the tree.

* February 12, 1992: the United Sections of the Criminal Court of Cassation declared the appeal process must be redone, because the sentence is deemed " illogical, incoherent, not assessing proofs and evidence in good terms, not taking into account the facts preceding and following the event, unmotivated or poorly motivated, in some parts the judges supporting unlikely arguments that not even the defense had argued ";

Popper argued that totalitarianism was founded on " conspiracy theories " which drew on imaginary plots driven by paranoid scenarios predicated on tribalism, chauvinism, or racism.

In January 1979, rock critic Robert Christgau argued that homophobia, and most likely racism, were reasons behind the backlash, a conclusion seconded by John Rockwell.

In The Mismeasure of Man ( 1996 ), paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould criticized IQ tests and argued that that they were used for scientific racism.

Political leaders in Singapore argued instead for the equality of all citizens, with places in universities, government contracts, political appointments, etc., going to the most deserving candidates, rather than to those chosen on the basis of connections or ethnic background ( It is worth noting that Lee Kuan Yew was originally a Fabian Socialist and opposed racism ).

Maulana Karenga argued that racism constituted the destruction of culture, language, religion and human possibility, and that the effects of racism were “ the morally monstrous destruction of human possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly human relations among peoples .”

That law was also challenged by left-wing parties and the former French colonies ; critics argued that the law was tantamount to refusing to acknowledge the racism inherent to French colonialism, and that the law proper is a form of historical revisionism.

Higher Superstition argued that in the 1990s, a group of academics whom the authors referred to collectively as " the Academic Left " was dominated by professors who concentrated on racism, sexism, and other perceived prejudices, and that science was eventually included among their targets — later provoking the " Science Wars ", which questioned the validity of scientific objectivity.

They argued that the systemic portrayals were unfair and that, coupled with segregation and other discrimination, such stereotypes were making it difficult for all blacks, not just actors, to overcome racism and succeed.

He argued that Afrocentrism's prime goal was to encourage black nationalism and ethnic pride in order to effectively combat the destructive consequences of cultural and universal racism.

It has been argued that the concept of heterosexism is similar to the concept of racism in that both ideas promote privilege for dominant groups within a given society.

The notion that racism created pathological social conditions that lead to the eruption of racial riots, as the Kerner Commission argued, was not supported by the findings of many uncited sociologists.

In addition, some critics have argued that ecological modernization does not redress gross injustices that are produced within the capitalist system, such as environmental racism-where people of color and low income earners bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harm such as pollution, and lack access to environmental benefits such as parks, and social justice issues such as eliminating unemployment ( Bullard, 1993 ; Gleeson and Low, 1999 ; Harvey, 1996 )-environmental racism is also referred to as issues of the asymmetric distribution of environmental resources and services ( Everett & Neu, 2000 ).

Ehrlich denies any form of racism, and has argued that if his policy ideas are implemented properly they will not be repressive.

Susan Price, an Australian activist, argued that " the wedge-politics of racism has always been used to divide the working class, which in France pulled off spectacular rolling strikes against the government in 2003 ," adding that " the current attack must also be seen as part of a continuum of racist policies which go back to the mid-1990s and the ' Fortress Europe ' policies of the major European capitalist governments " designed " to appeal to the support base of Jean-Marie Le Pen's right-wing National Front ( FN ).

It alleged that Zionism was a form of racism and sometimes argued that Zionists were similar to Nazis.

He argued that although racism was originally directed towards blacks, it was subsequently applied to Jews.

" Writing that it was not an attractive word, he defined it as " a prejudice or attitude of bias in favour of the interests of members of one's own species and against those of members of other species ," and argued that it was a prejudice similar to racism and sexism:

Since that racism involves the awarding of various forms of white privilege, some have even argued that every white identity is drawn into that system of privilege.

In a February 2005 article in The Times, Julie Burchill argued that use of the word is a form of " social racism ", and that such " sneering " reveals more about the shortcomings of the " chav-haters " than those of their supposed victims.

From the beginning Love and Rage members showed little regard for anarchist orthodoxies, and adopted positions heavily influenced by several varieties of Marxism, most notably support for national liberation struggles and embracing a white privilege analysis of racism in the U. S. that argued that the material and psychological benefits received by white workers at the expense of non-white ( especially African American ) workers undermined the basis of multi-racial working class unity and therefore had to be confronted directly if such unity was desired.

This polemical essay argued that French and German intellectuals in the 19th and 20th century had often lost the ability to reason dispassionately about political and military matters, instead becoming apologists for crass nationalism, warmongering and racism.

Mongiardo argued that if Williams suggested racism was not an issue, he was " out of touch.

It has also been argued that felony disenfranchisement in some states, especially Florida in the 2000 Presidential election, de facto amounts to racism.