Lysander Spooner, a 19th century lawyer and staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals, in his essay No Treason, argues that a supposed social contract cannot be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation, because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract.

Bobbitt also argues that " A democracy cannot ... tolerate secret policies " because they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action.

Ward argues for anarchist alternatives to the universal governmental and hierarchical systems of social organisation.

She argues that governmental activism cannot be attributed to the influence of the small socialist movement.

Appellant does not challenge the force of these considerations but argues that they are outweighed by countervailing governmental interests in conserving fiscal and administrative resources.

However, stakeholder theory argues that there are other parties involved, including governmental bodies, political groups, trade associations, trade unions, communities, financiers, suppliers, employees, and customers.

She says that she is against only government aid, not " their kind of aid ".< ref > However, ONE argues that governmental development assistance " plays a critical role in the fight against extreme poverty and disease ".

In the ideal state, for instance, he argues that the young citizens should hear only the most carefully selected tales and stories.

Historian Thomas Woods argues that the crashes were caused by various privately-owned banks with state charters that issued paper money, supposedly convertible to gold, in amounts greatly exceeding their gold reserves.

The Exodus Rabbah argues that when the Pharaoh instructed midwives to throw male children into the Nile, Amram divorced Jochebed, who was three months pregnant with Moses at the time, arguing that there was no justification for the Israelite men to father children if they were just to be killed ; however, the text goes on to state that Miriam, his daughter, chided him for his lack of care for his wife's feelings, persuading him to recant and marry Jochebed again.

" He points to the fact that the Pope claims universal jurisdiction and he therefore argues that " it would be intolerable to have, as the sovereign of a Protestant and free country, one who owes any allegiance to the head of any other state " and contends that if such situation came about " we will have undone centuries of common law.

He argues that the Communists, since the 1980s, have essentially created the state envisioned by Chiang in the 1930s.

Davis argues these rifts were so deep and lasting that neither Germany nor Italy were able to form a cohesive nation state until the nineteenth century.

Following Socrates, he argues that vice arises from a state of ignorance, not from intention.

In Personal Knowledge, Michael Polanyi argues for the epistemological relevance of knowledge how and knowledge that ; using the example of the act of balance involved in riding a bicycle, he suggests that the theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance cannot substitute for the practical knowledge of how to ride, and that it is important to understand how both are established and grounded.

He argues in favor of a society organized around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost ( though not entirely ) exclusively to enforce the legal order ( consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands ) necessary for a market of free individuals to function.

Plato argues against Heraclitus as follows: How can that be a real thing which is never in the same state?

Wood argues that, like most national politicians of the late 1780s, Madison believed that the problem was less with the Articles of Confederation than with the nature of the state legislatures.

Antipater argues that marriage is the foundation of the state, and considers it to be based on divine ( polytheistic ) decree.

In France, Eric Hobsbawm argues the French state preceded the formation of the French people.

" Van Creveld argues that " Clausewitzian war " requires the state to act in conjunction with the people and the army, the state becoming a massive engine built to exert military force against an identical opponent.

* Communism argues that only collective ownership of the means of production through a polity ( though not necessarily a state ) will assure the minimization of unequal or unjust outcomes and the maximization of benefits, and that therefore private ownership of capital should be abolished.

* Global Rogue State-Article by Edward S. Herman which argues that the U. S. is a rogue state.

Fridell argues that scholars call the period 1868-1945 the " State Shinto period " because, " during these decades, Shinto elements came under a great deal of overt state influence and control as the Japanese government systematically utilized shrine worship as a major force for mobilizing imperial loyalties on behalf of modern nation-building.

Michael Stohl argues, " The use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents.

Dr. Bruce Hoffman has argued that failing to differentiate between state and non-state violence ignores the fact that there is a “ fundamental qualitative difference between the two types of violence .” Hoffman argues that even in war there are rules and accepted norms of behavior that prohibit certain types of weapons and tactics and outlaw attacks on specific categories of targets.

" Finally, while there may be circumstances where non-state actors are in such an oppressed situation that there may be no alternative but terrorism, Primoratz argues that " it seems virtually impossible that a state should find itself in such circumstances where it has no alternative to resorting to terrorism.

Friedrich Engels, in Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, argues that state capitalism would be the final stage of capitalism consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and communication by the bourgeois state.

He argues that “ the use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents.

With that, Durkheim argues, we are left with the following three concepts: the sacred ( the ideas that cannot be properly explained, inspire awe and are considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion ), the beliefs and practices ( which create highly emotional state — collective effervescence — and invest symbols with sacred importance ), and the moral community ( a group of people sharing a common moral philosophy ).

In his speech, Elihu argues for God's power, redemptive salvation, and absolute rightness in all his conduct.

He argues that the power ballad broke into the mainstream of American consciousness in 1976 as FM radio gave a new lease of life to earlier songs like Led Zeppelin's " Stairway to Heaven " ( 1971 ), Aerosmith's " Dream On " ( 1973 ), and Lynyrd Skynyrd's " Free Bird " ( 1974 ).

Latour suggests that about 90 % of contemporary social criticism in academia displays one of two approaches which he terms “ the fact position and the fairy position .” ( p. 237 ) The fact position is anti-fetishist, arguing that “ objects of belief ” ( e. g., religion, arts ) are merely concepts onto which power is projected ; the “ fairy position ” argues that individuals are dominated, often covertly and without their awareness, by external forces ( e. g., economics, gender ).

He furthermore argues that this legacy of imperialism or cultural imperialism is still very influential in international systems of power.

He argues that there is a relation between political power and democide.

Robert K. Merton comments that Sumner's additional characterization robbed the concept of some analytical power because, Merton argues, centrality and superiority are often correlated, but need to be kept analytically distinct.

In " The Master's Dollhouse: Rear Window ," Tania Modleski argues that Hitchock's film, Rear Window, is an example of the power of male gazer and the position of the female as a prisoner of the " master's dollhouse ".

The organization argues that the potential of nuclear power to mitigate global warming is marginal, referring to the IEA energy scenario where an increase in world's nuclear capacity from 2608 TWh in 2007 to 9857 TWh by 2050 would cut global greenhouse gas emissions less than 5 % and require 32 nuclear reactor units of 1000MW capacity built per year until 2050.

Although Rousseau argues that sovereignty ( or the power to make the laws ) should be in the hands of the people, he also makes a sharp distinction between the sovereign and the government.

Davidson ( 1961 ) argues that Martin's injunction against slavery was not a condemnation of slavery itself, but rather driven through fear of " infidel power ".

Historian Albert Mathiez argues that the authority of the Committee of Public Safety was based on the necessities of war, as those in power realized that deviating from the will of the people was a temporary emergency response measure in order to secure the ideals of the Republic.

Faludi argues that while many of those in power are men, most individual men have little power.

Bart D. Ehrman argues that apocalyptic parts of the Bible, including the New Testament, see suffering as due to cosmic evil forces, that God for mysterious reasons has given power over the world, but which will soon be defeated and things will be set right.

Thomas ( 2003 ) argues that Pitt's power was based not on his family connections but his extraordinary parliamentary skills by which he dominated the House of Commons.

William's biographer David Bates argues that the former explanation is more likely, explaining that the balance of power had recently shifted in Wales and that William would have wished to take advantage of the changed circumstances to extend Norman power.

Murray Rothbard argues that the amount of gold available is not a bar to a gold standard since the free market will determine the purchasing power of gold money based on its supply.

Biographer Tim Pat Coogan sees his time in power as being characterised by economic and cultural stagnation, while Diarmaid Ferriter argues that the stereotype of De Valera as an austere, cold and even backward figure was largely manufactured in the 1960s and is misguided.

She argues that subversion occurs through the enactment of an identity that is repeated in directions that go back and forth which then results in the displacement of the original goals of dominant forms of power.

This interpretation argues that any large urban center in Mesoamerica could be referred to as " Tollan " and its inhabitants as Toltecs — and that it was common practice among ruling lineages in Postclassic Mesoamerica to strengthen claims to power by claiming Toltec ancestry.

C. S. Lewis argues that when talking about omnipotence, referencing " a rock so heavy that God cannot lift it " is nonsense just as much as referencing " a square circle "; that it is not logically coherent in terms of power to think that omnipotence includes the power to do the logically impossible.

Foucault also argues that madness was silenced by Reason, losing its power to signify the limits of social order and to point to the truth.

Foucault argues between the 17th and 18th centuries a new, more subtle form of power was being exercised transnationally.