In 1903, he was named vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church, and became the Chancellor of the Apostolic Chancery in the Secretariat of State in 1908.

This was the situation in Germany in 2005 when Angela Merkel became Chancellor: in early elections, the CDU / CSU did not garner enough votes to form a majority coalition with the FDP ; similarly the SPD and Greens did not have enough votes to continue on with their formerly ruling coalition.

In a more specific sense, Gleichschaltung refers to the legal measures taken by the government during the first months following January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.

As part of the deal in which Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, Hermann Göring — future commander of the Luftwaffe and an influential Nazi Party official — was named Interior Minister of Prussia.

After serving in several party offices, he was appointed Minister of the Interior by Chancellor Willy Brandt, whose Social Democratic Party was in coalition with the FDP, in 1969 ; in 1974, he became foreign minister and Vice Chancellor.

There, he studied philosophy under Vitus Müller and theology under Jacob Heerbrand ( a student of Philipp Melanchthon at Wittenberg ), who also taught Michael Maestlin while he was a student, until he became Chancellor at Tübingen in 1590.

Locke became involved in politics when Shaftesbury became Lord Chancellor in 1672.

With threats of an armed uprising against the Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss ( he was assassinated by Nazis the following year ) and the killing of over 1, 000 civilians by troops, Philby's British passport became still more valuable.

Bülow and Sydow resigned in defeat and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg became Chancellor.

Fear of attack increased as Germany regained its strength after the First World War, especially after Adolf Hitler gained power and became German Chancellor in 1933.

In 1867 he also became Chancellor of the North German Confederation.

Otto Fürst von Bismarck became Chancellor of the German Empire | Chancellor of Germany in 1871.

He entered the Benedictine order as a boy, studied at the College de Sorbonne in Paris, and became successively prior of St. Baudil, Abbot of Fécamp, Bishop of Arras, Chancellor of France, Archbishop of Sens and Archbishop of Rouen.

Following Meighen into civilian life were: Robert Borden, who served as Chancellor of Queen's and McGill Universities, as well as working in the financial sector ; Lester B. Pearson, who acted as Chancellor of Carleton University ; Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who became university professors, Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups ; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice.

On his retirement he became the thirteenth Chancellor of the University of Melbourne and remained the head of the university from March 1967 until March 1972.

The category of Knight of the order had been created only on 24 May, and the Chancellor and Principal Knight of the Order, the Governor-General Sir John Kerr, became the first appointee, ex officio.

In 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, and through a series of decrees became Germany's Führer und Reichskanzler ( leader and chancellor ).

Under the leadership of Cardinal Wolsey ( the Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor ) and Thomas Cranmer ( the Archbishop of Canterbury ) ( 1515-1529 ), the Court of Star Chamber became a political weapon for bringing actions against opponents to the policies of King Henry VIII, his Ministers and his Parliament.

As secretary and personal adviser to King Henry VIII, More became increasingly influential in the government, welcoming foreign diplomats, drafting official documents, and serving as a liaison between the King and his Lord Chancellor: Thomas Wolsey, the Cardinal Archbishop of York.

In 1525 he became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, a position that entailed administrative and judicial control of much of northern England.

Abensberg then lost its independence and became a part of the Duchy of Bavaria, and from then on was administered by a ducal official, the so-called caretaker.

Most of the county's territory became part of an independent Belgium in 1830, and during the 19th and 20th centuries, it became increasingly commonplace to refer to the entire Dutch-speaking and northern part of Belgium as " Flanders ", including the Belgian parts of the Duchy of Brabant and Limburg.

Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany, with Lucca as capital.

The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, as a part of the Russian Empire, became a part of the vacuum and the struggle for power.

* 1227: Pomerelia again became an independent Duchy.

Within the Prussian empire, western Greater Poland became the Grand Duchy of Posen ( Poznań ), which theoretically held some autonomy.

He took over the administration of the Duchy of Prussia in 1577, when the then-reigning Duke Albert Frederick became ill.

* George Frederick ( 1539 – 1603 ), who became Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Regent of the Duchy of Prussia.

* Robert received the Duchy of Normandy and became Duke Robert II

He was born in Walldorf, near Heidelberg in the old Palatinate which became part of the Duchy of Baden in 1803 ( now in Rhein-Neckar-Kreis in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany ).

He became regent of the Duchy of Prussia in 1605.

After Boleslaw's death, the Duchy of Pomerania regained independence, before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.

The Grand Duchy, a formidable power, formed in 1385 a dynastic union with Poland and became Christianized, merging into the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569.

After the Gothic War ( 535-554 ) and the Byzantine conquest, this region regained its freedom, because the " Roman Duchy " became the property of the Eastern Emperor.

) In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria.

The city became a part of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and was the seat of Poznań Department-a unit of administrative division and local government.

However in 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the region was returned to Prussia, and Poznań became the capital of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen.

After the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Kingdom of Poland became, through personal union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thus the Sejm was supplemented with new envoys from among the Lithuanian nobility.

Secondly the Duchy of Crossen was inherited by Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1476 and, with the renunciation by King Ferdinand I and estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became an integral part of Brandenburg.

The peninsula became part of the Duchy of Prussia when Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the 37th Grand Master, secularized the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights in 1525.

Later Milan became the capital of the Duchy of Milan, being ruled by the Visconti, the Sforza, the Spanish and the Austrians.

Saint Casimir Jagiellon (, ) ( October 3, 1458 – March 4, 1484 ) was a royal prince of the Kingdom of Poland and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania who became a patron saint of Lithuania, Poland, and the young.

The states of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz became Grand Duchies in 1815.