The formal displacement of the geocentric principle far from being Copernicus' primary concern, was introduced only to resolve what seemed to him intolerable in orthodox astronomy, namely, the ' unphysical ' triplication of centric reference-points: one center from which the planet's distances were calculated, another around which planetary velocities were computed, and still a third center ( the earth ) from which the observations originated.

This is because damages in tort put her in the position she would have been in had the tort not taken place, and are calculated as her money back (£ 750 ) less the value of what she actually got (£ 50 ).

In other words, knowing where all the previous electrons appeared on the screen and in what order tells us nothing about where any future electron will hit, even though the probabilities at specific points can be calculated.

However, it is not clear what should be considered to be valence electrons for the d-and f-block elements, which leads to an ambiguity for their electronegativities calculated by the Allen method.

This calculated duality means that Contarini ’ s doge, which the second book of De magistratibus is almost entirely devoted to discussing, represents the closest point in his text to what actually occurred, because the Doge served as a literal embodiment of the idealisation of the reality of Venetian politics.

Nim has been mathematically solved for any number of initial heaps and objects ; that is, there is an easily calculated way to determine which player will win and what winning moves are open to that player.

This along with the rationalism implied by monotheism led to the development of rational bookkeeping and the calculated pursuit of financial success beyond what one needed simply to live – and this is the " spirit of capitalism.

Systems used in series such as Formula One have become advanced to the point where the potential lap time of the car can be calculated, and this time is what the driver is expected to meet.

In 1800, the mean center of U. S. population as calculated by the US Census Bureau was found in what is now Howard County.

You state that Gersonides calculated that the stars were 10 billion times farther away from Earth than what Ptolemy claimed, i. e. in the order of 100 light years.

He pursued what he called " participatory management ," an approach calculated to gain the cooperation of the military leadership in reducing the Defense budget and the size of the military establishment.

In 2002, The Van Riebeeck Society published Sir Graham Bower's Secret History of the Jameson Raid and the South African Crisis, 1895 – 1902 ( Edited by Deryck Schreuder and Jeffrey Butler, Van Riebeeck Society, Cape Town, Second Series No. 33 ), adding to growing historical evidence that the imprisonment and judgement upon the Raiders at the time of their trial was unjust, in view of what has appeared, in later historical analysis, to have been the calculated political manoeuvres by Joseph Chamberlain and his staff to hide his own involvement and knowledge of the Raid.

The reason is that nobody has yet calculated what natural number is the floor of this real number, and it may not even be physically possible to do so.

Guy thus ordered the army to march against Saladin at Tiberias, which is indeed just what Saladin had planned, for he had calculated that he could defeat the crusaders only in a field battle rather than by besieging their fortifications.

More recently, it has been described as " Velázquez's supreme achievement, a highly self-conscious, calculated demonstration of what painting could achieve, and perhaps the most searching comment ever made on the possibilities of the easel painting ".

Having calculated when these tidal forces maximize, Browning then " projected " what areas he thought might be ripe for a large earthquake.

Addressing the purpose of the convention, he said "... the people by us are peaceably assembled, to contemplate in the calm lights of mild philosophy, what Government is best calculated to promote their happiness, and secure their liberty.

By extending the field of the Sixth Chamber from within the Seventh Chamber of the Thistledown, they could then directly access what Vasquez had calculated within her own work-alternate world lines as non-gravity bent geodesics of superspace.

It has been described as " a key moment when the candidate takes what at least appears to be a bold stand against certain extremes in their party " and as " a calculated denunciation of an extremist position or special interest group.

Because it can see the radiating temperature of an object as well as what that object is radiating at, the product of the radiation can be calculated using the Stefan – Boltzmann constant.

This calculated rate is not and cannot be considered a prediction or forecast, but rather is the arbitrage-free calculation for what the exchange rate is implied to be in order for it to be impossible to make a free profit by converting money to one currency, investing it for a period, then converting back and making more money than if a person had invested in the same opportunity in the original currency.

By combining this nested sphere model with astronomical observations, scholars calculated what became generally accepted values at the time for the distances to the Sun ( about 4 million miles ), to the other planets, and to the edge of the universe ( about 73 million miles ).

The team calculated what signal a detector would register if a cosmic ray creates a miniature black hole that explodes nearby.

From the experimental point of view, proper time is what is measured experimentally and then coordinate time is calculated from the proper time of some inertial clocks.

A test result ( calculated from the null hypothesis and the sample ) is called statistically significant if it is deemed unlikely to have occurred, assuming the truth of the null hypothesis.

In 1931, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculated, using special relativity, that a non-rotating body of electron-degenerate matter above a certain limiting mass ( now called the Chandrasekhar limit at 1. 4 solar masses ) has no stable solutions.

In quantum electrodynamics, electromagnetic interactions between charged particles can be calculated using the method of Feynman diagrams, in which we picture messenger particles called virtual photons being exchanged between charged particles.

By using the technique called the molecular clock which estimates the time required for the number of divergent mutations to accumulate between two lineages, the approximate date for the split between lineages can be calculated.

This is called gating error and causes an average error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1 /( 2 T < sub > m </ sub >), or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1 /( 2 f T < sub > m </ sub >) where T < sub > m </ sub > is the timing interval and f is the measured frequency.

The addition of the leap month ( Adar II ) is determined by observing in Israel the ripening of barley at a specific stage ( defined by Karaite tradition ) ( called aviv ), rather than using the calculated and fixed calendar of Rabbinic Judaism.

In contrast to classical mechanics, where accurate measurements and predictions can be calculated about location and velocity, in the quantum mechanics of a subatomic particle, one can never specify its state, such as its simultaneous location and velocity, with complete certainty ( this is called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle ).

Starting from 1952, works were held in the Moscow-based Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering ( headed by Sergei Lebedev ) on automated missile defense system which used a " computer network " which calculated radar data on test missiles through central machine called M-40 and was interchanging information with smaller remote terminals about 100 — 200 kilometers distant.

In July 1962, a 1. 44 megaton ( 6. 0 PJ ) United States nuclear test in space, above the mid-Pacific Ocean, called the Starfish Prime test, demonstrated to nuclear scientists that the magnitude and effects of a high altitude nuclear explosion were much larger than had been previously calculated.

Friedman originally proposed a fixed monetary rule, called Friedman's k-percent rule, where the money supply would be calculated by known macroeconomic and financial factors, targeting a specific level or range of inflation.

GMT is now often called Universal Time, which is now calculated from observations of extra-galactic radio sources, and then converted into several forms, including UT0 ( UT at the remote observatory ), UT1 ( UT corrected for polar motion ), and UTC ( UT in discrete SI seconds within 0. 9 s of UT1 ).

The Dow averaged a 5. 3 % return compounded annually for the 20th century, a record Warren Buffett called " a wonderful century "; when he calculated that to achieve that return again, the index would need to close at about 2, 000, 000 by December 2099.

* the right hand side represents the outgoing energy from the Earth, calculated from the Stefan-Boltzmann law assuming a model-fictive temperature, T, sometimes called the ' equilibrium temperature of the Earth ', that is to be found,

The spread is calculated as a discount from the price of the shares sold ( called the gross spread ).

By taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the components the total magnetic field strength ( also called total magnetic intensity, TMI ) can be calculated by Pythagoras's theorem.

In 1980 he calculated the genus of the Cartesian product of any pair of connected, bipartite, d-valent graphs using a method that was later called the White – Pisanski method.

The difference between the cost of an inventory calculated under the FIFO and LIFO methods is called the LIFO reserve.

Collectively they form a corps of Platonic guardians who carry out carefully calculated and planned strategic minimum actions, called Reality Changes, within the temporal world in order to minimize human suffering as integrated over the whole of ( future ) human history.

The sum of the particle kinetic energies as calculated by an observer is smallest in the center of momentum frame ( again, called the " rest frame " if the system is bound ).

The latter ( originally called ‘ map shooting ’) means firing data is calculated to include corrections for non-standard conditions.

Given any closed spin network, a non-negative integer can be calculated which is called the norm of the spin network.

He called on the country to support the Allied and British war effort and Britain's commitment under the Triple Entente ; this was a calculated response to the situation principally in the belief that the attained measure of self-government would be granted in full after the war and to be in a stronger position to stave off a final partition of Northern Ireland.

The Newton polynomial is sometimes called Newton's divided differences interpolation polynomial because the coefficients of the polynomial are calculated using divided differences.