To guard against the tyranny of a numerical majority, Calhoun developed his theory of `` concurrent majority '', which, he said, `` by giving to each portion of the community which may be unequally affected by the action of government, a negative on the others, prevents all partial or local legislation ''.

Thus, theory and doctrine applicable among the great nations and the smaller European states did not really comfortably fit less developed and less powerful societies elsewhere.

-- The theory of elasticity of Gaussian networks has been developed on a more general basis and the equations of state relating variables of pressure, volume, temperature, stress and strain have been precisely formulated.

Modern physics has developed the theory that all matter consists of minute waves of energy.

It is borne out also by the absence of any developed theory about how sin passes from one generation to the next.

Alchemists developed a framework of theory, terminology, experimental process and basic laboratory techniques that are still recognizable today.

*: The article on Whorf states " Drawing on Nietzsche's ideas of perspectivism Alfred Korzybski developed the theory of general semantics which has been compared to Whorf's notions of linguistic relativity.

This theory was developed by the British chemist and physicist John Dalton in the 18th century.

He also developed, during the Great Depression, the populist economic theory of " Direct Credits ", according to which banks are the cause of all economic woe, the oppressors of both capital and labour.

He established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent of all acids ( which later turned out to be erroneous ).

As a framework for his coherent duality theory he also introduced derived categories, which were further developed by Verdier.

This letter and successive parts were distributed from Bangor ( see External Links below ): in an informal manner, as a kind of diary, Grothendieck explained and developed his ideas on the relationship between algebraic homotopy theory and algebraic geometry and prospects for a noncommutative theory of stacks.

International Society for Group Theory in Cognitive Science and has developed a generative theory of shape.

Bradley eventually developed the explanation of aberration in about September 1728 and his theory was presented to the Royal Society in mid January the next year.

Sir Isaac Newton was probably the discoverer of astigmation ; the position of the astigmatic image lines was determined by Thomas Young ( A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy, 1807 ); and the theory was developed by Allvar Gullstrand.

Link Grammar is both a theory of syntax and an open source parser which is now developed by the AbiWord project.

William John Macquorn Rankine and Pierre Henri Hugoniot independently developed the theory for flow properties before and after a shock wave.

Researchers at Bell developed radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the UNIX operating system, the C programming language and the C ++ programming language.

In 1930, England captain Douglas Jardine, together with Nottinghamshire's captain Arthur Carr and his bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce, developed a variant of leg theory in which the bowlers bowled fast, short-pitched balls that would rise into the batsman's body, together with a heavily stacked ring of close fielders on the leg side.

The Big Bang theory developed from observations of the structure of the Universe and from theoretical considerations.

The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced big bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ).

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

Curious as to how fungi reproduced Potter began microscopic drawings of fungi spores ( the agarics ) and in 1895 developed a theory of their germination.

In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, having earlier shown that gravity does influence light's motion.

The First Liberal government also established the basis of the later welfare state, with old age pensions, developed a system for settling industrial disputes, which was accepted by both employers and trade unions.

Eventually, the Nazi party developed strong relationships with big business and abolished trade unions while real wages dropped by a fourth, and employees could not easily change employer.

In the absence of any legal recognition, the slave community developed its own methods of distinguishing between committed and casual unions.

Many labor unions and workers ' parties worldwide were also influenced by Marxist ideas, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, and Maoism, were developed from them.

The latter has also come true ; as in the developed world, through liberal reforms, trade unions won many concessions, improving the situation of the workers ( something that Marx considered very unlikely ); in the more populated parts of the world such as Africa, India, and China the populations continue to grow and all the industry is moving there if it has not already established itself in the last two decades.

Over the last three hundred years, trade unions have developed into a number of forms.

Moreover, contemporary Leninists propose that globalization is the continuation of 19th-century imperialism, wherein developed-country capitalists exploit the working class of underdeveloped and developed countries with low wages, over-long workdays, and intensive working conditions that disallow labour unions.

Co-operatives formed " unions " for their areas and developed cotton gineries, coffee factories, and tobacco dryers.

The First Liberal government also established the basis of the later welfare state, with old age pensions, developed a system for settling industrial disputes, which was accepted by both employers and trade unions.

Beginning with Denmark in 1989, civil unions under one name or another have been established by law in several, mostly developed, countries in order to provide same-sex couples rights, benefits, and responsibilities similar ( in some countries, identical ) to those of different-sex civil marriages.

Linked in with Marxist theories is dependency theory and the Core-Periphery Model, which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political & financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and multinational corporations on the informal level, in order to integrate them into the capitalist system, strategically appropriating under-valued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic & political dependence.

His arguments against the doctrine of revolutionary unions known as anarcho-syndicalism were later developed in a series of articles, where he wrote “ I am against syndicalism, both as a doctrine and a practice, because it strikes me as a hybrid creature .” Despite their drawbacks, he advocated activity in the trade unions, both because they were necessary for the organization and self-defense of workers under a capitalist state regime, and as a way of reaching broader masses.

While trade unions, minimum wage laws, fire safety codes, and labour laws have made sweatshops ( in the original sense ) rarer in the developed world, they did not eliminate them, and the term came to be increasingly associated with factories in the developing world.

Some of their most prominent reforms are trust-busting ( the destruction and banning of monopolies ), the creation of laws protecting the American consumer, the creation of a federal income tax ( by the Sixteenth Amendment ; the income tax used a progressive tax structure with especially high taxes on the wealthy ), the establishment of the Federal Reserve, and the institution of shorter working hours, higher wages, better living conditions, better rights and privileges to trade unions, protection of rights of strikers, banning of unfair labor practices, and the delivery of more social services to the working classes and social safety nets to many unemployed workers, thus helping to facilitate the creation of a welfare state in the United States and eventually in most developed countries.

Two separate branches of credit unions developed in Canada to serve the financially marginalized segment of the population.

# The Right-to-Manage model, developed by the British school during the 1980s ( Nickell ), views the labour union and the firm bargaining over the wage rate according to a typical Nash Bargaining Maximin ( written as Ώ = U < sup > β </ sup > Π < sup > 1-β </ sup >, where U is the utility function of the labour union, Π the profit of the firm and β represents the bargaining power of the labour unions ).

Bordiga himself did not advocate abstention from the unions, although later Italian Left currents developed a critique of the " regime unions ", positing that most or all unions had become tools of capitalism by submitting themselves to bourgeois interests and were no longer viable as organs of class struggle.

This developed within front organisations, for instance separate trade unions, environmental organizations and tenant associations.

To whatever extent scientific management caused the strengthening of labor unions by giving workers more to complain about than bad or greedy managers already gave them, it also led to other pressures tending toward worker unhappiness: the erosion of employment in developed economies via both offshoring and automation.

They not only extolled the dignity of work and the dignity of the master worker, but frequently defined themselves by what they were not: to that end, craft unions often developed rigid entrance requirements that excluded women, immigrants, African-Americans and other minority workers.

Following the social unrest of November – December 1995, Bruno Mégret developed a strategy of creating new unions ( FN-RATP, FN-TCL, FN-Poste, Mouvement pour un Education Nationale, FN-Police ) and professional organisations tied to the Front National to increase the audience of the party.