Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights ; Hobbes asserted that men consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government ( whether monarchial or parliamentary ); Pufendorf disputed Hobbes's equation of a state of nature with war ; Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority ; and Rousseau believed that democracy ( self-rule ) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law.

The prehistory of arithmetic is limited to a small number of artifacts which may indicate conception of addition and subtraction, the best-known being the Ishango bone from central Africa, dating from somewhere between 20, 000 and 18, 000 BC although its interpretation is disputed.

By the same token, if positivism is able to identify causality, then it is open to the same critical rationalist non-justificationism presented by Karl Popper, which may itself be disputed through Thomas Kuhn's conception of epistemic paradigm shift.

Allen, after being promised land, traveled to the area and began stirring up not just Pennsylvania authorities but also his long-time nemesis, Governor Clinton of New York, by proposing that a new state be carved out of the disputed area and several counties of New York.

They are sometimes used unofficially-such as amateur radio operators operating in a disputed territory or in a nation state that has no official prefix ( e. g. S0 in Western Sahara or station 1A0 at Knights of Malta headquarters in Rome ).

Though his official status is disputed, on diplomatic occasions the emperor tends to behave as the head of state ( with widespread public support ).

Kashmir was a disputed territory between India and Pakistan, the two having gone to war with each other over the state in 1948.

In 2005, following disputed results of the 2005 parliamentary elections, Kyrgyzstan was thrown into a state of political turmoil, with different parties claiming that they were the legitimate government.

Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy ( or tutelage ) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.

The Westphalian system did not create the nation state, but the nation state meets the criteria for its component states ( by assuming that there is no disputed territory ).

However, critics state that methodological flaws can explain any apparent experimental successes and the status of parapsychology as a science has been vigorously disputed.

The Ros / Rus people ( Swedes from the Roslagen area ) may have given the name to the state " Russia ", though this is highly disputed based on the lack of evidence and the poor documentation of 9th-11th century Eastern Europe.

However, when Michigan sought to hold a state constitutional convention in 1833, Congress rejected the request because of the still disputed Toledo Strip.

A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison ( future ninth President of the U. S .) that surrendered much of the future state of Illinois to the U. S. enraged many Sauk ( Sac ) Indians and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War.

The official Chinese press agency, Xinhua News Agency, and other state media asserted that the self-immolators were practitioners, though the Falun Dafa Information Center disputed this, on the grounds that the movement's teachings explicitly forbid suicide and killing, further alleging that the event was a cruel but clever piece of stunt-work.

The southern waterways, and sometimes the Prince of Wales Strait, form part of the disputed Northwest Passage which the Government of Canada claims are Canadian Internal Waters, while other nations state they are either territorial waters or international waters.

:: Example: Parties challenging state abortion laws have sharply disputed in some courts the contention that a purpose of these laws, when enacted, was to protect prenatal life.

Whether the correct spelling of the city and county is " La Porte " or " LaPorte " is disputed, although state law refers to " LaPorte County.

The disputed gubernatorial election of 1872 increased political tensions in the state, especially as the outcome was unsettled for months.

On remand, the Florida Supreme Court issued an opinion on December 22, 2000 that did not dispute whether December 12 was the deadline for recounts under state law, although this was disputed in a concurring opinion by Florida Supreme Court Justice Leander Shaw.

The area was part of the disputed border between Massachusetts and New York, which eventually left the town in its current state.

Old map of Dunstable from 1846 showing the towns and the disputed state line with the original Dunstable tract line

Ownership of the Kirtland Temple was in a confused state and disputed for a number of years, but eventually it was declared by court action to be the property of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( now Community of Christ ).

Aneth Chapter is part of Navajo Nation and is located north of the San Juan River, streching from Montezuma Creek, Utah to the Colorado state border, with disputed territories east of Bluff, Utah and along the northern border.

* February 6: At the request of Governor Robert Lucas, Ohio lawmakers passed a law extending the jurisdiction of their state over the disputed area.

The size of the Confederate army is also disputed, with some chronicles placing it at 1, 500, while others state that it was 3, 000-4, 000.

The precise differences in theology that caused the split with the Coptic Christians are still disputed, highly technical and mainly concerned with the nature of Christ.

The nature of this distinction has been disputed by various philosophers ; however, the terms may be roughly defined as follows:

Various theorists have suggested that the neutrino might have a tachyonic nature, while others have disputed the possibility.

Although Wittgenstein certainly argues that the notion of private language is incoherent, because of the way in which the text is presented the exact nature of the argument is disputed.

The precise nature of the contract was disputed, as can be seen below.

The extent of their territory in early medieval times is disputed but the nature of their religion is not.

In addition, the Western European Secretariat of the Comintern was located in Berlin and it is clear that Zhou had important Comintern connections, though the nature of these is disputed.

Informants who described their nature sometimes held aspects of both the third and the fourth view, or observed that the matter was disputed.

The precise nature of the relationship between the Popes and Emperors – and between the Papal States and the Empire – was disputed.

Former statement can be disputed because the language Afrikaans has its origins in the Dutch language, which implies that the origin of the word may well be directly Germanic in nature.

This perception of trailer parks was not improved by the creation of emergency trailer parks by the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) for the displaced victims of Hurricane Katrina, the quality and temporary nature of which was disputed.

The origin and early nature of the themes has been heavily disputed amongst scholars.

The nature of this seal and its effectiveness in preserving his work is much disputed by scholars ( see Modern scholarship below ).

The nature of this function, however, is disputed.

The first commandment listed is interpreted as prohibiting Idolatry, but the nature of the meaning of Idolatry in the Biblical law in Christianity is disputed.

The nature of al-Husseini's support for the Axis powers, and his alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy is hotly disputed.

The absolutist nature of the state was disputed in the Enlightenment period.

A spate of relatively small successes ( mostly of a defensive nature ) toward the end of the conflict did not prevent Paraguay from maintaining control of much of the disputed region at the time that agreement on a ceasefire was finally reached in June 1935.

The age at which speakers begin to immerse themselves into a language ( such as English ) is linked to the degree in which native speakers are able to detect a non-native accent ; the exact nature of the link is disputed amongst scholars and may be affected by " neurological plasticity, cognitive development, motivation, psychosocial states, formal instruction, language learning aptitude ," and the usage of their first ( L1 ) and second ( L2 ) languages.

Berkeley had not transferred his proprietary rights to this group, and the exact nature of the rights James had given both Berkeley and Carteret was disputed, in part because James believed that the second patent granted to him in 1674 overrode the earlier grants he had made to Berkeley and Carteret.

Due to its clandestine nature, the precise number of deaths directly attributable to Operation Condor is highly disputed.

" From this theological interpretation ( one now controversial among leading Paulinists, i. e., it is disputed that Paul actually intended all of the later machinery of the " Natural Law " tradition ) it was but a small step to speak of this perceived natural condition of the Gentile Nations ( i. e., their " natural " nomological condition ) as a " state of nature.