It is implicit in the Westphalian system of nation-states, and explicitly recognized under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, that all states have the inherent right to individual and collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against them.

The idea of a nation state is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the " Westphalian system " in reference to the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ).

The treaties resulted from the big diplomatic congress, thereby initiating a new system of political order in central Europe, later called Westphalian sovereignty, based upon the concept of a sovereign state governed by a sovereign and establishing a prejudice in international affairs against interference in another nation's domestic business.

Such an organization the Westphalian free courts, with their discipline of terror and elaborate system of secret service, were well calculated to supply.

Immanuel Wallerstein employed a functionalist theory when he argued that the Westphalian international political system arose to secure and protect the developing international capitalist system.

* the Westphalian system, the very nature of states along with the role they play with regard to the other institutions, and their relations to each other ; states will have to share part of their sovereignty with institutions and bodies at other territorial levels, and all with have to begin a major process to deepen democracy and make their organization more responsible ;

The only in-parliament-party he did not let enter the government was the FDP, whose North-Rhine Westphalian branch had a particular nationalist bent.

And then Schücking published a novel on the Westphalian nobility, which did not depict them favorably, and Droste-Hülshoff's friends, sometimes rightly, sometimes wrongly, traced many of the depictions back to Droste-Hülshoff.

Approximately half of the state is located in the relative shallow regions of the Westphalian Lowland or rather the Rhineland, both widely extending into the North German Plain.

Arguing it was the French or Westphalian state and not Hanover, which had emancipated the Jews, the government took the decisions of the German Confederation on the rights of the Jews, in Johann Smidt's manipulated formulation, as the legal grounds.

Such themes include: an acceptance of the state as the key actor in international politics, the centrality of notions of Westphalian sovereignty, a belief in the enduring relevance and legitimacy of armed force as a guarantor of security, and the proposition that the status quo in international affairs should only be changed peacefully.

As a young girl, she was sent to the convent of Herford, where her grandmother Matilda was abbess and where her reputation for beauty and virtue ( probably also her Westphalian dowry ) is said to have attracted the attention of Duke Otto I of Saxony, who betrothed her to his recently divorced son and heir, Henry the Fowler.

The immense development of the Fehme is explained by the privileges of the Freischöffen ; for they were subject to no jurisdiction but those of the Westphalian courts: whether as accused or accuser they had access to the secret sessions, and they shared in the discussions of the general chapter as to the policy of the society.

Anna was famed for her big cheek, " which, as shown in her portraits ", Carlyle says, " was comparable to a Westphalian ham ".

In 1780 the University of Münster ( today called " Westphalian Wilhelms-University ", WWU ) was established, now a major European centre for excellence in education and research with large faculties in the arts, humanities, theology, sciences, business and law.

The name Porta Westfalica is the Latin expression for " Westphalian Gate ", as the gorge appears like a gate to the region Westphalia, which lies to the south of it.

Another oft-stated reason for opposition is the Westphalian concept that foreign governments should never possess a right to intervene in another sovereign nation's internal affairs ( including terrorism or any other non-international affair ).

One of the reasons for the diminishing use of Westphalian is the rigorous enforcement of German-only policies in traditionally Low German-speaking areas during the 18th century.

Nevertheless, the Westphalian dialect of German includes some words that originate from the dying Westphalian language, which are otherwise unintelligible for other German speakers from outside Westphalia.

( In Germany, for example, the Christian Democratic Party emerged as a grouping dominated by Rhenish and Westphalian Catholics, but also encompassed the more conservative elements of the Protestant population.

He joined Bayern Munich in 1974, coming from the Westphalian amateur side Borussia Lippstadt, for a transfer fee of ca.

File: August Macke 023. jpg | Kairouan ( III ), 1914, watercolor, Westphalian State Museum for Art and Cultural History, Münster

The change of meaning may have been caused by its use as a mocking expression for the ( in the eyes of outsiders ) unrefined rye bread produced by the Westphalian population.

German and French troops spontaneously made peace and ceased hostilities ; they visited each other through disused trench tunnels, and exchanged wine, cognac and cigarettes for Westphalian black bread, biscuits and ham.

" Klee's commitment to the importance of disabled people was the decisive factor in the former Westfälische Schule für Körperbehinderte ( Westphalian School for the Physically Disabled ) in Mettingen being renamed the Ernst-Klee-Schule in his honor in 2005.

In November 1787, he became Kammerdirektor ( director of the board of war and domains ) for the king's possessions west of the river Weser, and in 1796 he was appointed supreme president of all the Westphalian chambers dealing with the commerce and mines of those Prussian lands.

The Lambsdorff family is of old Westphalian aristocratic descent, but settled for centuries in the Baltic countries and was hence closely connected to Tsarist and Imperial Russia ( see Baltic Germans ).

What will there be between us old codgers, aside of course from happy memories of skiing tours in the long distant past < nowiki > ... </ nowiki > Will you come to me mainly to take receipt of the promised gift I have held for you in our cellar — that long cured Westphalian ham, and those patiently waiting bottles of your favorite nectar: Johannisberger 1937?

As early as 1852 the Westphalian constituency of Beckum-Ahaus had elected him to the Prussian House of Representatives, and he took part in the founding of the " Catholic Fraction " for the defense of the rights and liberties of the church, which since 1859 has been called the Centre.

From 1621 until its dissolution in 1810 during the Westphalian rule under Jérôme Bonaparte, Rinteln was the seat of a university.

Münster is situated on the river Aa, approximately 15 km south of its confluence with the Ems in the Westphalian Bight, a landscape studded with dispersed settlements and farms, the so called " Münsterland ".

# It has many idiomatic expressions of its own and usages of particular words different from the ones in Northern ( Low Saxon, Mecklenburgic ) and Southern ( Westphalian, Eastphalian, Märkisch ) Low German.

When looking at its geological structure, the city lies on the border region, known as the Marl border, of three regions – the Mittelgebirge of the Bergisches Land, the Lower Rhine Plain and the Westphalian Lowland.

Dortmund was one of the earliest commercial brewing centres in Germany, establishing itself as a major brewing city which exported its beers to the neighbouring Westphalian cities.

The language area comprises the North German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia ( the Westphalian part ), Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony-Anhalt ( the northwestern areas around Magdeburg ) as well as the northeast of The Netherlands ( i. e. Dutch Low Saxon, spoken in Groningen, Drenthe, Overijssel and northern Gelderland ) and the Schleswigsch dialect spoken by the North Schleswig Germans in the southernmost part of Denmark.

Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.

The Saxon stem duchy covered the greater part of present-day Northern Germany, including the modern German states ( Länder ) of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt up to the Elbe and Saale rivers in the east, the city-states of Bremen and Hamburg, as well as the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Holstein region ( Nordalbingia ) of Schleswig-Holstein.

# Westphalian Sovereignty, which Krasner declares is the concept that states have the right to separately determine their own domestic authority structures.

Map of the Lower Rhenish – Westphalian Circle in 1710 by Peter Schenck

He was born at Frondenberg, a Westphalian village, and was educated by his father, who was a minister of the Reformed Church and head of the Frondenberg convent of canonesses ( Fräuleinstift ).

The district is also known as Mühlenkreis, as it has many reconstructed historic mills, many linked by the Westphalian Mill Route.

In the 12th century, old Arnsberg became the seat of Westphalian jurisdiction ( whose coat of arms is up to the present still used by the Hochsauerlandkreis ).

True Westphalian is currently only spoken by mostly elderly people.

Kerrl was more mild mannered than the somewhat vulgar Müller, and was also politically astute, and he shrewdly appointed a committee of conciliation, to be headed by Wilhelm Zoellner, Westphalian general superindent rtrd., who was generally respected within the church and who was not identified with any faction.

Though his ongoing campaigns were successful, he had to deal with the fragmentation of the Saxon territories in Westphalian, Eastphalian and Angrian tribes, demanding the conclusion of specific peace agreements with single tribes, which soon were to be broken by other clans.

The failing wars intended to regain the ' heretical ' Northern Netherlands meant significant loss of ( still mainly Catholic ) territories in the north, which was consolidated in the 1648 Westphalian peace, and given the peculiar, inferior status of Generality Lands ( jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces ): Zeeuws-Vlaanderen ( south of the river Scheldt ), the present Dutch province of Noord-Brabant and Maastricht ( in the present Dutch province of Limburg ).

Wiligut allegedly was inspired by the old Westphalian legend of the " Battle at the birch tree " ( Schlacht am Birkenbaum ).

The traditional Westphalian brewery was purchased by the German brewery-major Warsteiner in 1990.

Early company specialties were “ Old World ” sausages and Westphalian hams, soon followed by bacon and wieners.

By the Westphalian and French annexations in 1807 and 1810 all male inhabitants in later restituted Hanover became Westphalian or French citizens of equal rights, though on 17 March 1808 Napoléon Bonaparte restricted the rights of Jews in the French-annexed territory by his so-called.

Nor can we believe that he obtained this mastery otherwise than by constantly dwelling in the same neighbourhood, say in Guelders or on the Dutch Westphalian border, where day after day he might study the branching and foliage of trees and underwood embowering cottages and mills, under every variety of light, in every shade of transparency, in all changes produced by the seasons.

* Westphalian voltigeur-carabiniers created by Jérôme Bonaparte, and after 1811 renamed Jäger Carabinier d ' Elite

This area of the Westphalian Lowland is characterized by agriculture.

The population's main language was once Westphalian, but it has since been replaced by High German.