When the great reform of the 11th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots, the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal families, as late as the 13th century and later, the actual head of the community retaining that of dean.

Japan celebrates a similarly themed Greenery Day, held on May 4. Although it has a similar theme to Arbor Day, its roots lay in celebration of the birthday of Emperor Hirohito.

Actual political power lay in the positions of President of the Soviet Union ( held by Gorbachev ) and President of the Russian SFSR ( held by Yeltsin ).

In many cases, the lay electors ruled numerous States of the Empire, and therefore held several votes in the Council of Princes.

The diversion held an added advantage ; due to the holy places that lay along the way, including Hebron, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem, the Mamluk authorities spared no efforts in keeping the route safe for pilgrims.

In the context of the age and period it held the meaning of seeking or forming part of a cultural entity, that of iudea, the Greek derivative of Persian Yehud, and can be compared with hellenismos, meaning acceptance of Hellenic cultural norms ( the conflict between iudaismos and hellenismos lay behind the Maccabeean revolt and hence the invention of the term iudaismos ).

Nor were manors held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service ( or again, cash in lieu ) to their superior: a substantial share ( estimated by value at 17 % in England in 1086 ) belonged directly to the king, and a greater proportion ( rather more than a quarter ) were held by bishoprics and monasteries.

In August a council or synod of some importance was held at Benevento, which renewed the excommunication of the antipope Clement III and the condemnation of lay investiture, proclaimed a kind of crusade against the Saracens in northern Africa and anathematised Hugh of Lyons and Richard, Abbot of Marseilles.

In Luther v. Borden,, the Court rejected the notion that the republican character of states lay within the purview of judicial review, holding that “ it rests with Congress to decide what government is the established one in a State ... as well as its republican character .” In effect, the court held the clause to be non-justiciable.

* The Romans lay siege to Masada, a desert fortress held by Jewish victims of the Sicarii.

He held the lay office of protoserinus when he was elected Pope, allegedly invalidly, by the Roman synod in December 963, when it also invalidly deposed Pope John XII, who was still alive.

Following this, Strathbogie moved to lay siege to Kildrummy Castle, held by Lady Christian Bruce, sister of the late King Robert and wife of the Guardian, Andrew de Moray.

In 1254, he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in the Imperial Kingdom of Italy, especially in the Lombardy region, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor.

California formerly had " justice of the peace " courts staffed by lay judges, but gradually phased them out after a landmark 1974 decision in which the Supreme Court of California unanimously held that it was a violation of due process to allow a non-lawyer to preside over a criminal trial which could result in incarceration of the defendant.

Males lay up to 200 spermatophores a week, which are held off the ground by a short stalk and probably only remain viable for about two days.

In the medieval era, some allodial and enfiefed lands held by nobles were created or recognized as baronies by the Holy Roman Emperors, within whose realm most of the Low Countries lay.

The odds of success of a loner bid depend on the lay of the cards and the inactive cards held by the bidder's partner.

The Connecticut General Assembly, held in Hartford in 1706, appointed William Pitkin, Joseph Tallcot, William Whiting and Richard Lord, as a committee with full power to lay out the bounds of the town and divisions of the land, to admit inhabitants.

There appears to be no truth in the charge that Louis XVI caused the defeat and destruction of the Guards by ordering them to lay down their arms when they could still have held the Tuileries.

Murray had been captured in 1332, ransomed himself in 1334 and immediately sped north to lay siege to Dundarg Castle in Buchan held by Sir Henry de Beaumont with the castle falling on 23 December 1334.

His body lay in state in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres ( Rotunda of Distinguished Men ) and he was honored by many heads of state and the United States Senate, which held a moment of silence for him.

At the time of the Domesday survey all manors which were held directly by de Lacy lay undeveloped wasteland, including the Tong Manor, although it is known that Tong was cultivated when in the possession of Stainulf.

While in Washington, D.C., Lucy Upton held positions in the U.S. Census Office, and in the Pension Bureau.

Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions, in part because many French writers influential in anthropology have been trained or held faculty positions in sociology, philosophy, or other fields rather than in anthropology.

Two of Ammonius's students-Origen the Pagan, and Longinus-seem to have held philosophical positions which were closer to Middle Platonism than Neoplatonism, which perhaps suggests that Ammonius's doctrines were also closer to those of Middle Platonism than the Neoplatonism developed by Plotinus ( see the Enneads ), but Plotinus does not seem to have thought that he was departing in any significant way from that of his master.

The admission of the middle classes to the franchise and to the House of Commons led eventually to the development of a systematic middle class liberalism and the end of Whiggery, although for many years reforming aristocrats held senior positions in the party.

Black Hand members held important army and government positions.

From 1938 to 1945, he held a succession of positions, first becoming senior history master at Blundell's School in Tiverton, Devon in 1938 ( and also a Captain in the school's OTC ), then instructor at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth in 1939.

This title is often concurrently held by the treasurer in a dual position called secretary-treasurer ; both positions may be concurrently held by the CFO.

Under the duke were three aristocratic families, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureacracy.

Europeans accounted for five percent of Cairo's population at the end of the 19th century, by which point they held most top governmental positions.

Henry I of England perceived a danger in placing monastic scholars in his chancery and turned increasingly to secular clerks, some of whom held minor positions in the Church.

Lower caste participants consisted of mostly non-farm working immigrants, who at times were provided special privileges and held high positions in society.

After his commissioning and graduation from The Basic School at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Krulak held a variety of command and staff positions.

He merged the military general staff with his own presidential staff and appointed himself chief of staff again, in addition to the positions of minister of defence and supreme commander that he already held.

Eisenhower returned to the U. S. in 1939 and held a series of staff positions in Washington, D. C., California and Texas.

* Flag semaphore uses rods or flags held in particular positions to send messages to the receiver watching them some distance away.

The Supreme Court of California, in affirming the disbarment, held that Rosenthal engaged in transactions involving undisclosed conflicts of interest, took positions adverse to his former clients, overstated expenses, double-billed for legal fees, failed to return client files, failed to provide access to records, failed to give adequate legal advice, failed to provide clients with an opportunity to obtain independent counsel, filed fraudulent claims, gave false testimony, engaged in conduct designed to harass his clients, delayed court proceedings, obstructed justice and abused legal process.

Ethiopia was to withdraw to positions held before the outbreak of hostilities in May 1998.

These arrangements created the tradition of regents ( Sesshō and Kampaku ), with these positions allowed to be held only by a Fujiwara sekke lord.

In fact, during his time in the Imperial court, the Eastern court and the major positions in the Eastern Church were held by Arians or Arian sympathizers.

and both Eustathius and Athanasius held top positions in the church.

Over the same period, the proportion of chief editor positions held by women increased from 22 % to 70 %.

Pairs perform elements specific to the discipline such as throw jumps, in which the man ' throws ' the woman into a jump ; lifts, in which the woman is held above the man's head in one of various grips and positions ; pair spins, in which both skaters spin together about a common axis ; death spirals ; and other elements such as side-by-side jumps and spins in unison.