Jensen's article questioned remedial education for African-American children ; he suggested their poor educational performance reflected an underlying genetic cause rather than lack of stimulation at home.

More recent authors such as Berk ( 2006 ) have also questioned the micro-macro relations underlying Durkheim's work.

In particular, a digitally signed contract may be questioned when a new attack on the cryptography underlying the signature is discovered.

While some researchers believe this categorization system will help physicians understand IBS, others have questioned the value of the system and suggested that all IBS patients have the same underlying disease but with different symptoms.

However, in the last 50 years, both federal and state courts have severely criticized and questioned the legal reasoning underlying the decision.

* A biography titled Veronica Guerin: The Life and Death of a Crime Reporter by Emily O ' Reilly, published in 1998, questioned the ethics of Guerin's methods of gathering information, and those of the underlying media establishment.

Kraepelin's assumption of a moral defect rather than a positive drive towards crime has also been questioned, as it implies that the moral sense is somehow inborn and unvarying, yet it was known to vary by time and place, and Kraepelin never considered that the moral sense might just be different.

This assumption has been questioned.

Empirical studies by Amos Tversky questioned the assumption that investors are rational.

One of the first and most important things they questioned was the common assumption that the role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects.

Current environmental beliefs have questioned this assumption, and both the proportions and specific parts of this land that will be logged or conserved for wildlife are in dispute.

The Byzantine Empire produced much of the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with court production centred on Constantinople, although some art historians have questioned the assumption, still commonly made, that all work of the best quality with no indication as to origin was produced in the capital.

When Nanako is chosen as a Sorority member, one of the reasons she was questioned the most for was the assumption that her mother was a homewrecker, which was obviously false.

The anti-tumour properties of FTIs were attributed to their action on Ras processing ; however this assumption has now been questioned.

Some researchers questioned the accuracy of the IOM study, criticizing the statistical handling of measurement errors in the report and reporting both significant subjectivity in determining which deaths were " avoidable " or due to medical error and an erroneous assumption that 100 % of patients would have survived if optimal care had been provided.

Other important figures, such as Francesco Petrarca ( 1304-1374 ), questioned the whole assumption that the theoretical aspects of philosophy were the more important ones.

A 2006 review questioned the common assumption that most children with autism are mentally retarded.

Other psychologists have questioned the assumption that moral action is primarily a result of formal reasoning.

Of course any assumption can be questioned, but there are no signs that MacDonald has taken on the burden of proof of showing that the majority view is wrong.

In the early 21st century, however, the assumption that the various families of squat lobster were closely related began to be questioned.

The foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups.

Some, like Milton Friedman, have questioned the validity of the rational expectations assumption.

However, although their styles continue popular Romano-British traditions, the assumption that they were made in Ireland is now questioned.

Patrick Collinson has made a case for Thomas Wood as the editor, and M. A. Simpson has questioned the assumption that there was a single author behind A Brief Discourse who was part of the debates it concerns.

The text questioned various elements of the Diary of Anne Frank, including the use of a vacuum cleaner by the family while they were in hiding.

For example, a questioned document may be a sheet of paper bearing handwriting or mechanically-produced text such as a ransom note, a forged cheque or a business contract.

Supporters of the Clinton plan questioned McCaughey's claims, including her statements that " the law will prevent you from going outside the system to buy basic health coverage you think is better ," and that " doctor can be paid only by the plan, not by you ", by pointing to the text of the legislation such as Section 1003 that said: " Nothing in this Act shall be construed as prohibiting ... An individual from purchasing any health care services.

The unity of this quotation with the Gospel text in Chapter 13 has been questioned.

Cases of questioned text include the Great Leap Forward which caused 30 million Chinese deaths (" the People suffered major losses "), China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam, the Cultural Revolution (" lots of appalling events happened ") and the Tiananmen Square " Incident " of 1989, in which hundreds of protesters may have been killed.

Whilst Bible Numerics could originally not be disproved, more recent studies using a computer programme called Panin's Panic have questioned Bible Numerics, criticising the processes used in Panin's studies and suggesting that similar patterns can also be found in any non-Biblical text.

Furthermore, more recent criticism has questioned the reliability of both Gile's annotations and the character of " More " in the text itself.

With no contemporary records of the kingdom existing, all accounts of the kings must be carefully questioned.

When questioned about his order on 15 October 1939 for unrestricted submarine warfare including orders to fire on neutral ships, which Raeder had admitted even as he issued his order violated international law, Raeder stated in his defence: " Neutrals are acting for their own egotistical reasons and they must pay the bills if they die ".

When questioned about his decision to recall Parlement Louis made a comment that, “ It may be considered politically unwise, but it seems to me to be the general wish and I want to be loved .” In spite of his indecisiveness, Louis was determined to be a good king, stating that he " must always consult public opinion ; it is never wrong.

In the United States, persons who are going to be questioned by police when they are in police custody must be read their " Miranda rights ".

Hence, the dominant ideology that serves the interests of the ruling class, all the while appearing as ` neutral `, needs to be questioned and must not go unchallenged.

Vaidika testimony is preferred as the infallible word of God, and Laukika testimony must by its nature be questioned and overruled by more trustworthy knowledge if such becomes available.

After the discovery of the intrinsic definition of curvature, which is closely connected with non-Euclidean geometry, many mathematicians and scientists questioned whether ordinary physical space might be curved, although the success of Euclidean geometry up to that time meant that the radius of curvature must be astronomically large.

Where the constitutionality of legislation is being questioned in relation to the division of powers under the Constitution Act, 1867, an analysis of its pith and substance must be undertaken.

Debord was indeed a notorious drunk ( see his Panegyrique, Gallimard 1995 ), and his assertions regarding the veracity of the affects of the psychogeographical process ( derive, constructed situation ) must be questioned by this personal weakness.

The first statement is logically true, but this does not exclude the possibility of questioning whether the presented dichotomy is appropriate in the given context, e. g., some kind of fuzzy logic is more applicable to the issue, or some definitions may be questioned and must be clarified, or one of the alternatives must be further subdivided for fair context.

Providing that the judge or presiding officer must be free from disabling conflicts of interest makes the fairness of the proceedings less likely to be questioned.

If the marketing plan is to work, every exception to it ( throughout the year ) must be questioned ; and the lessons learnt, to be incorporated in the next year's.

" Officials also kept Kazemi's elderly, frail mother who had journeyed from Shiraz to see her only child, from seeing Kazemi until they had questioned her about what the medicines they insisted her daughter must be using.

He concluded that " the advisability of keeping firearms in the home for protection must be questioned ".

* if music is to be learned from audio recordings, the quality of the recorded pieces must be questioned in terms of style, integrity, and its positive or negative traits.

In the last of these he maintains that children who die unbaptized must be lost, the pure soul being defiled by the grossness of the body, and declares that God's will is not to be questioned.

First it has been questioned whether there must be some object present that actually has the experienced qualities, which would then seemingly have to be something like a sense-datum.

Some scholars and judges have questioned the traditional view that Parliament cannot bind itself, arguing that it can impose procedural ( or " manner and form ") restrictions on itself, since the legislature must be constituted and regulated by legal rules.

His Italian heritage was questioned by comedian Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, who alleged in an interview that Pascrell could not truly be of Italian descent because Italian surnames must end with a vowel.

He questioned whether they were worthy of their men, and told them they must improve.

Although at one point the Indic origin of kīla practice was widely questioned, Boord claims that " the existence of a Kīla cult among the Buddhists in eight century India ... must now surely be accepted as established " and further claims that it has been " conclusively demonstrated that all the basic doctrines and rituals of Vajrakīla had their origin in India.

In a 2009 interview, Blair questioned the pope's attitude towards homosexuality, arguing that religious leaders must start " rethinking " the issue.

Japanese human rights and civil liberties activists in Japan have questioned whether this policy, which in sum allows 23 days of detention before charges must be brought, adequately protects suspects ' rights.