As early as 490 BC a breed of large horses was bred in the Nisaean plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour ( Herodotus 7, 40 & 9, 20 ).

According to the Bauer-Danker Lexicon, the noun ίδιωτής in ancient Greek meant " civilian " ( ref Josephus Bell 2 178 ), " private citizen " ( ref sb 3924 9 25 ), " private soldier as opposed to officer ," ( Polybius 1. 69 ), " relatively unskilled, not clever ," ( Herodotus 2, 81 and 7 199 ).

Later, Herodotus ( Histories i. 7 ) adds that the " Meiones " were renamed Lydians after their king, Lydus ( Λυδός ), son of Atys, in the mythical epoch that preceded the rise of the Heracleid dynasty.

" There happened also a portent of another kind while he was still at Sardis ,— a mule brought forth young and gave birth to a mule " ( Herodotus The Histories 7: 57 ).

He did say that the ancient Persians called all the Scyths Σάκαι ( Sacae, Herodotus 7. 64 ).

Herodotus presents the Lydian accounts of the conversation with Solon ( Histories 1. 29 -. 33 ), the tragedy of Croesus ' son Atys ( Histories 1. 34 -. 45 ) and the fall of Croesus ( Histories 1. 85 -. 89 ); Xenophon instances Croesus in his panegyric fictionalized biography of Cyrus: Cyropaedia, 7. 1 ; and Ctesias, whose account is also an encomium of Cyrus.

# Trachean Asopus, a river in Trachis near Thermopylae mentioned by Herodotus ( 7. 199, 216 – 17 ).

* Herodotus 7. 13 from Perseus Project.

Mentioned in the annals of Esarhaddon, has been compared to the Hurrian war deity Teshub ; others interpret it as Iranian, comparing the Achaemenid name Teispes ( Herodotus 7. 11. 2 ).

The name " Crimea " is traceable to the Crimean Tatar word qırım ( my steppe, hill ), and the peninsula was known as Taurica, ( Peninsula ) of the Tauri, in antiquity ( Strabo 7. 4. 1 ; Herodotus 4. 99. 3, Amm.

Herodotus ( 1. 7 ) refers to a Heraclid dynasty of kings who ruled Lydia, yet were perhaps not descended from Omphale, writing, " The Heraclides, descended from Heracles and the slave-girl of Iardanus ...." Omphale as slave-girl seems odd.

Both Xenophon ( Cyropaedia, 7. 5. 28-30 ) and Herodotus ( The Histories, 1. 191 ) recount the fall of Babylon to Cyrus the Great, yet neither of these writers give the name of the king of Babylon.

The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars ( Histories 7. 36 ), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 B. C.

According to Herodotus ( Histories, Books 7 and 8 ), Artemisia was Halicarnassian on her father Lygdamis ' side and Cretian on her mother's.

Herodotus ' assertion ( Histories i. 7 ) that the Lydians were first so named after their king, Lydus ( Λυδός ).

The word μίτρα, mítra, ( or, in its Ionic form, μίτρη, mítrē ) first appears in Greek and signifies either of several garments: a kind of waist girdle worn under a cuirass, as mentioned in Homer's Iliad ; a headband used by women for their hair ; a sort of formal Babylonian head dress, as mentioned by Herodotus ( Histories 1. 195 and 7. 90 ).

In Histories 7. 3. 7, Herodotus states that the moon was the tutelary divinity of the Iranian expatriates residing in Asia Minor.

* Herodotus 7. 6 ;

:::: Herodotus, Histories 7. 114.

Herodotus, who allegedly got his information through both Greek and Scythian sources, describes them as living east of Scythia and north of the Massagetae, while the geographer Ptolemy ( VI. 16. 7 ) appears to place the trading stations of Issedon Scythica and Issedon Serica in the Tarim Basin.

In book seven ( 7. 95 ) of " The Histories " Herodotus states: " The Aeolians ( also, as the Greeks suppose, originally a Pelasgian people ) contributed 60.

* According to Herodotus 7. 73 ( ca.

In 429 BC ( Thucydides 2. 56. 2 ), and probably earlier ( Herodotus 6. 48. 2, 7. 21. 2, 7. 97 ), galleys were adapted to carry horses to provide cavalry support to troops also landed by galleys.

Harris dates studies of both to Classical Greece and Classical Rome, specifically, to Herodotus, often called the " father of history " and the Roman historian, Tacitus, who wrote many of our only surviving contemporary accounts of several ancient Celtic and Germanic peoples.

Herodotus first formulated some of the persistent problems of anthropology.

His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis, where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus (, Apollon Abaios ) was important enough to be consulted by Croesus ( Herodotus, 1. 46 ).

The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method.

The oldest known mention of " Atlantic " is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC ( Hdt.

The connection to Phoenician religion claimed by Herodotus I. 105, 131 ) has led to inconclusive attempts at deriving Greek Aphrodite from a Semitic Aštoret, via hypothetical Hittite transmission.

According to the historian Herodotus, the poet threw away his shield to make good his escape from the victorious Athenians then celebrated the occasion in a poem that he later sent to his friend, Melanippus.

Most of our information about him is derived from Herodotus ( 2. 161ff ) and can only be imperfectly verified by monumental evidence.

Herodotus describes how Amasis II would eventually cause a confrontation with the Persian armies.

According to Herodotus, Amasis, was asked by Cambyses II or Cyrus the Great for an Egyptian ophthalmologist on good terms.

Amasis worrying that his daughter would be a concubine to the Persian king refused to give up his offspring ; Amasis also was not willing to take on the Persian empire so he concocted a trickery in which he forced the daughter of the ex-pharaoh Apries, whom Herodotus explicitly confirms to have been killed by Amasis, to go to Persia instead of his own offspring.

Herodotus also describes that just like his predecessor, Amasis II relied on Greek mercenaries and council men.

One such figure was Phanes of Halicarnassus, who would later on leave Amasis, for reasons Herodotus does not clearly know but suspects were personal between the two figures.

Herodotus called them Androktones (" killers of men "), and he stated that in the Scythian language they were called Oiorpata, which he asserted had this meaning.

For example, the story of the Amazons settling with the Scythians ( Herodotus Histories 4. 110. 1-117. 1 ).

* Herodotus v. 17, 94

According to Herodotus, when Anacharsis returned to the Scythians he was killed by his own brother for his Greek ways and especially for the impious attempt to sacrifice to the Mother Goddess Cybele, whose cult was unwelcome among the Scythians.

* Herodotus iv.

The word is attested in Herodotus, who wrote some of the first surviving Greek prose, but this may not have been before 440 or 430 BC.

Herodotus identified the Achaeans of the northern Peloponnese as descendants of the earlier, Homeric Achaeans.

Pausanias and Herodotus both recount the legend that the Achaeans were forced from these homelands by the Dorians, during the legendary Dorian invasion of the Peloponnese.