" A common argument against noise pollution laws involves a false choice.

The form or shape of F in d ' Alembert's formula involves the argument x − vt.

This argument is called the Dichotomy because it involves repeatedly splitting a distance into two parts.

Good's argument involves calculating the weight of evidence provided by the observation of a black raven or a white shoe in favor of the hypothesis that all the ravens in a collection of objects are black.

According to this argument, since the two people disagree about their estimates after they have accepted the different hypotheses, accepting " All ravens are black " is not equivalent to accepting " All non-black things are non-ravens "; accepting the former means estimating more things to be black, while accepting the latter involves estimating more things to be non-ravens.

The concept of intelligent design involves the argument that an intelligent mind is responsible for the complexity of life and that it can be detected empirically.

This formula involves only real terms if < math > p < 0 </ math > and the argument of the arccosine is between − 1 and 1.

The fallacy is in line 5: the progression from line 4 to line 5 involves division by a − b, which is zero since a equals b. Since division by zero is undefined, the argument is invalid.

Their argument ultimately continues throughout the credits and even involves Rocky breaking it up in a post-credits scene.

Their argument often involves variants of the Mu ' tazili theory that the Qur ' an was created by God for the particular circumstances of the early Muslim community, and reason must be used to apply it to new contexts.

The strongest argument for the altruistic explanation involves a situation very similar to Binti's, in which a male gorilla named Jambo, of Jersey Zoo, protected a 5-year-old child who had fallen into his enclosure.

It is used in almost any argument that involves a non-algebraic construction of a holomorphic function.

The O ' Brien system's principal argument is that animal manures are harmful to soil health rather than that their use involves exploitation of and cruelty to animals.

This argument involves the disputed claim that Edward IV of England was illegitimate and the claim that the current British royal family's claim to the throne rests on descent from Edward's daughter, Elizabeth of York.

That involves proving some cancellation takes place, or in other words that this sum of complex numbers on the unit circle is not of numbers all with the same argument.

The Enlightenment-era British social theoretician John Locke ( 1632 – 1704 ) said that political legitimacy derives from popular explicit and implicit consent of the governed: “ The argument of the Treatise is that the government is not legitimate unless it is carried on with the consent of the governed .” The German political philosopher Dolf Sternberger said, “ Legitimacy is the foundation of such governmental power as is exercised, both with a consciousness on the government ’ s part that it has a right to govern, and with some recognition by the governed of that right .” The American political sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset said that legitimacy also “ involves the capacity of a political system to engender and maintain the belief that existing political institutions are the most appropriate and proper ones for the society .” The American political theorist Robert A. Dahl explained legitimacy as a reservoir ; so long as the water is at a given level, political stability is maintained, if it falls below the required level, political legitimacy is endangered.

In general, if the counting formula involves a division, a similar double counting argument ( if it exists ) gives the most straightforward combinatorial proof of the identity, but double counting arguments are not limited to situations where the formula is of this form.

The " war crime " here involves the argument that these men should have been executed by firing squad and not by hanging, but this was not Harney's decision.

A moot court is an extracurricular activity at many law schools in which participants take part in simulated court proceedings, which usually involves drafting briefs ( or memorials ) and participating in oral argument.

Some commentators have argued that Collins's " experimenter's regress " is foreshadowed by Sextus Empiricus ' argument that " if we shall judge the intellects by the senses, and the senses by the intellect, this involves circular reasoning inasmuch as it is required that the intellects should be judged first in order that the intellects may be tested we possess no means by which to judge objects " ( quoted after Godin & Gingras 2002: 140 ).

The argument involving the royal bloodline involves an inheritance or relation to David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn, the son of King Robert II of Scotland, which was necessary to his legal claim for the Earldom of Strathearn.

This debate stems from a number of factors but typically involves the argument that the issues are part of the game and require no changes or external programs to take advantage of them.

Many commentators, both at the time that Descartes wrote and since, have argued that this involves a circular argument, as he relies upon the principle of clarity and distinctness to argue for the existence of God, and then claims that God is the guarantor of his clear and distinct ideas.

There are no details given for the argument, but the obvious reason is that the cone can be divided into infinitesimal cones by splitting the base area up, and the each cone makes a contribution according to its base area, just the same as in the sphere.

There was an argument between the leaders concerning the best route to take which resulted in the party splitting up.

The primary argument put forward by States for restricting ballot access has been the presumption that setting ballot access criteria too low would result in numerous candidates on the ballot, splitting the votes of similar minded voters.

Was the notion of " effective calculability " to be ( i ) an " axiom or axioms " in an axiomatic system, or ( ii ) merely a definition that " identified " two or more propositions, or ( iii ) an empirical hypothesis to be verified by observation of natural events, or ( iv ) or just a proposal for the sake of argument ( i. e. a " thesis ").

A final argument is the Zoo hypothesis, which states that superintelligent extraterrestrial life exists and does not contact life on Earth to allow for its natural evolution and development.

A reviewer concluded that Stickel brought forward every possible argument which would speak for that hypothesis, but he proved the opposite of what he had attempted to do ( Johannes Gildemeister in ZDMG 13, 1859, 289 – 304 ).

Emil Kauder expanded Schumpeter's argument by arguing the hypothesis that Calvinism hurt the development of capitalism by leading to the development of the labour theory of value.

But perhaps his most significant contribution to subsequent rhetoric, and education in general, was his argument that orators learn not only about the specifics of their case ( the hypothesis ) but also about the general questions from which they were derived ( the theses ).

If the first person accepts the hypothesis that " All ravens are black " then, according to the argument, about 50 objects whose colors were previously in doubt ( the ravens ) are now thought to be black, while nothing different is thought about the remaining objects ( the non-ravens ).

Shroeder's argument ( which rests on the hypothesis that The Shrew was not written until at least 1597 ) was based on an analysis of parallel passages ( some of which had been used by Hickson to argue the bad quarto theory ) and chronological problems within both plays to show that there was no need for an Ur-Shrew theory or a bad quarto theory, when a source theory could address all the problems raised by comparing the two plays.

The homology of tubulin to the bacterial replication and cytoskeletal protein FtsZ is a major argument against Margulis, as FtsZ is apparently found natively in archaea, providing an endogenous ancestor to tubulin ( as opposed to Margulis ' hypothesis, that an archaea acquired tubulin from a symbiotic spirochete ).

The induction argument is that one of the vertices adjacent to satisfies the induction hypothesis, even when is added to the finite set.

This hypothesis was based on an argument from authority: the claim by the 2nd century AD bishop Papias that he had heard that Matthew wrote first.

The resulting argument, called the documentary hypothesis, remained the dominant model among biblical scholars until later in the 20th century.

Doise was not the first writer to explore the hypothesis of Esterhazy as a double agent: earlier writings by Michel de Lombarès and Henri Giscard d ' Estaing, though differing in the details of their theories, also presented this line of argument.

However, Grothendieck's standard conjectures remain open ( except for the hard Lefschetz theorem, which was proved by Deligne by extending his work on the Weil conjectures ), and the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis was proved by, using the étale cohomology theory but circumventing the use of standard conjectures by an ingenious argument.

Later, the philosopher Nick Bostrom developed an argument distinct from the skeptical hypothesis, that we may be living in a simulation.

Both the dream argument and the Simulation hypothesis can be regarded as skeptical hypotheses ; however in raising these doubts, just as Descartes noted that his own thinking led him to be convinced of his own existence, the existence of the argument itself is testament to the possibility of its own truth.

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore ( 1945 ) gave an argument for social stratification based on the idea of " functional necessity " ( also known as the Davis-Moore hypothesis ).

Thus the time depth of the proposed Inland Penutian branch alone approaches the limits of what many think traditional historical reconstruction can determine ; this is sometimes used as an argument against the Penutian hypothesis.

An example of Cassuto's style of argument can be seen in his discussion of the divine names-one of the main criteria by which the documentary hypothesis distinguishes between separate sources-where he argued that Yahweh and Elohim are each consistently employed within a particular context and for a specific purpose, " Yahweh " signifying the personal God of revelation and Israel and " Elohim " the more impersonal God of nature and the world: to construe the two names as evidence of two authors was, according to Cassuto, to ignore the overwhelming evidence of Jewish literature itself on this matter.

The claimed discovery of Gliese 581 g, a Goldilocks planet only 20 light-years from Earth, has been used as an argument against the Rare Earth hypothesis.

A critique of this hypothesis included the argument that, whereas sweating sickness was thought to be transmitted from human to human, hantaviruses are not known to spread in this way.

Before coming to this argument, it is necessary to formulate another hypothesis that comes out of Einstein's work in relativity: the principle of locality.

Lastly, what could Bohr have meant by the expression " uncontrollable interaction between the object and the measuring apparatus ", considering that the central point of the argument of EPR is the hypothesis that, if one accepts locality, only the part of the system in A can be disturbed by the process of measurement and that, notwithstanding this fact, this process provides precise information on the part of the system in B?