Although technically even modern paperbacks are codices, the term is now used only for manuscript ( hand-written ) books which were produced from Late antiquity until the Middle Ages.

A manuscript or handwrit is written information that has been manually created by one or more people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way.

In the context of library science, a manuscript is defined as any hand-written item in the collections of a library or an archive ; for example, a library's collection of the letters or a diary that some historical personage wrote.

In other contexts, however, the use of the term " manuscript " no longer necessarily means something that is hand-written.

The Archimedes Palimpsest is a palimpsest ( ancient overwritten manuscript ) on parchment in the form of a codex ( hand-written bound book, as opposed to a scroll ).

Among the items are the printer's manuscript of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, complete with Beethoven's hand-written amendments, that was used for the first performance in Vienna in 1824 ; Mozart's autograph of the wind parts of the final scene of The Marriage of Figaro ; Beethoven's arrangement of his monumental Große Fuge for piano four hands ; Schumann's working draft of his Symphony No. 2 ; and manuscripts of Brahms's Symphony No. 2 and Piano Concerto No. 2.

Mussorgsky's hand-written manuscript was published in facsimile in 1975.

The only surviving hand-written manuscript of this work dating back to at least a thousand years is preserved in the pope's library, Bibliotheca Vaticana in Vatican City under " Vaticani arabi ".

It is, perhaps, the only script which still exists in the form first published ( a hand-written manuscript ) by the Guru.

Among the dateable compositions is the motet for Anne of Brittany ; compositions copied in a manuscript between 1515 and 1519 ; a motet protesting the 1527 sack of Rome ; some madrigals Festa sent to Strozzi in 1528 ( they were named " canti "); a lost 1533 madrigal to a poem by Michelangelo ; music for a 1539 Medici wedding ; and other compositions in hand-written manuscripts which have been dated.

* Illuminated manuscript, the artistic decoration of hand-written texts

) He completed The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists in 1910, but the 1, 600-page hand-written manuscript was rejected by the three publishing houses.

A copy of the original hand-written citation sent to the Adjutant-General of the Forces on 19 December 1856 can be found in a manuscript book ( MS C1, 171E.

Washington's final manuscript, images of his hand-written farewell address

On the first page there is a hand-written notice by Pouqueville: “ Ce lexique est écrit de la main de Marc Botzari à Corfou 1809 devant moi .” This manuscript, which includes also a kind of Greek-Albanian self-teaching method with dialogues written by Ioannes Vilaras and a French-Albanian glossary by Pouqueville, was donated by the latter to the Library in 1819.

Marangella then opened the sealed letter, which was a hand-written note by Remey appointing Marangella as his successor.

The original hand-written copy of the Bill of Rights, approved by the House and Senate, was prepared by scribe William Lambert and resides in the National Archives.

The original script, hand-written by Barker, was sold for £ 48, 500 at auction in 2007 after being featured on an episode of Antiques Roadshow the previous year.

It was not until 1986, prior to a trip to Italy and while applying for a US passport to travel abroad, when his mother provided him with the hand-written copy of his original birth certificate that Holmes learned the name of his biological father, Carl Estes.

In 1926 the first school yearbook, hand-written by the students, was issued.

Traditionally, the medium of a document was paper and the information was applied to it as ink, either by hand ( to make a hand-written document ) or by a mechanical process ( such as a printing press or, more recently, a laser printer ).

This valuable quality of proof of authorship maintains to this day the primacy of the hand-written document where it was required, by law or by necessity, to have authenticity and verifiable provenance or origin of the document.

According to REF / RL in 2009, Radio Azadi was the most popular radio station in Afghanistan, and Afghan listeners mailed hundreds of hand-written letters to the station each month.

A hand-written note was delivered to Lassalle personally, and the pair met face-to-face within 48 hours thereafter.

For the first time, the old hand-written charges and constitutions was replaced by an accessible, printed condensation of all there was to being a Freemason, only omitting the ritual.

Desai created a sensation by bringing out a hand-written cyclostyled newspaper after the printing press was confiscated by the British government.

Her personal assistant, who was left to deal with the situation, wrongly sent the original letter of invitation ( containing Constantine's hand-written note ) back to the school.

The earliest surviving copy of the actual alphabet was found is an incunabulum from 1483, found at the library of the castle of Nikolsburg, now Mikulov in Moravia, hand-written onto the endpaper of the printed book.

In 1533 a first hand-written primer appeared, and by 1612 a printed grammar by Jerome Megizer was published, followed by F. Mesgnin-Meninski's 4-volume " Lexicon Turcico-Arabico-Persicum " published in 1680.

On November 22, United States PRS Special Agent Maxwell D. Phillips sent a hand-written memo to Secret Service head James Rowley, stating that, " According to Mr Zapruder the position of the assassin was behind Mr Zapruder.

The common feature of all these systems is that they had a core database or knowledge system that was hand-written by experts of the chosen domain.

The accident apparently happened because of a hand-written schedule on unlined paper whose columns did not line up, and was misread by the freight crew.

A hand-written lyric-sheet to " In the Yard, Behind the Church " was sold on eBay for $ 544, which was given to charity.

However, for centuries the Orthodox monks had copied them into the modern technology of 10, 000 manuscripts ( with each hand-written book holding 10 original scrolls ).

Her name is affixed to such a document in 1694, but given her deep natural lyricism, the tone of these supposed hand-written penitentials is in rhetorical and autocratic Church formulae ; one is signed " Yo, la peor de todas " (" I, the worst of all the women ") She is said to have sold all her books, then an extensive library of over 4, 000 volumes, and her musical and scientific instruments as well.

In the 1796 presidential election he blanketed the state with agents who passed out 30, 000 hand-written tickets, naming all 15 electors ( printed tickets were not allowed ).

In 1796 he managed the Jefferson campaign in Pennsylvania, blanketing the state with agents who passed out 30, 000 hand-written tickets, naming all 15 electors ( printed tickets were not allowed ).

This amounted to several pages of hand-written notes that Fish had apparently penned in the hours just prior to his death.

Notes were originally hand-written ; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone.

In the Biblioteca Columbina, they are forced to decipher Columbus's private notes hand-written in a secret, unknown code by means of the Woodchuck Guidebook, to find out Columbus had the library moved to Santo Domingo in 1498, far from the reach of the Medici and the Spanish King, but Ferdinand II of Aragon soon found out and had Columbus put into chains.

Black had been granted access to Duplessis ’ s papers, housed in Duplessis ’ s former residence in Trois-Rivières, which included “ figures from the famous Union Nationale Caisse Electorale ( the party war chest ), a copy of the leader of the Opposition ’ s tax returns, gossip from bishops ,” as well as “ historically significant letters from Cardinal Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve side-by-side with hand-written, ungrammatical requests for jobs with the Quebec Liquor Board, unpaid bills, the returns of his ministers who were cheating on their taxes, a number of scribbled notes for Assembly speeches, tidbits of political espionage, compromising photographs, a ledger listing the political contributions of every tavern-keeper in the province .” Black subsequently had the principal items from the papers copied and microfilmed, and donated copies to McGill, York, and Windsor universities.

He made painstaking hand-written corrections to six of these copies and had them bound.

According to the Book of Sui, the Yamato king in 607 sent a hand-written epistle to Emperor Yang of Sui in which he called himself the " Son of Heaven in the Land of the Rising Sun " (), showing that the Japanese notion of their independent tianxia had continued to that time.

Although only two of Froberger's works were published during his lifetime, his music was widely spread in Europe in hand-written copies, and he was one of the most famous composers of the era ( interestingly, although he studied in Italy and obviously had friends and former mentors there, no Italian sources of his music were found ).

Sibley filed a hand-written petition asking the Alabama Supreme Court to block his execution, claiming that Lyon had fired the shot that killed Motley.

The sleeve and booklet of this two-LP set had genuine and period-styled photos depicting the era, with all of the lyrics presented in hand-written script.

It was discovered that the letter had been hand-written by Marwan ibn al-Hakam.

Born in London, Murphy showed an interest in writing and drawing at the age of 6, and despite not excelling in other school subjects, had made her own enormous library of hand-written and illustrated books while still at primary school.

They were generally made in very low quantity and often had hand-written labels.