Whilst most medical texts advocate surgical incision some medical doctors will treat small abscesses conservatively with antibiotics.

The English word " amputation " was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie ( published in either 1597 or 1612 ); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words " extirpation " ( 16th century French texts tended to use extirper ), " disarticulation ", and " dismemberment " ( from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal ), or simply " cutting ", but by the end of the 17th century " amputation " had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.

The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, the oldest received work of Chinese medical theory, was compiled around the first century BCE on the basis of shorter texts from different medical lineages.

In the Abbasid period ( after 750 AD ) Arab Muslims began to be interested in Greek scientific and medical texts for the first time, and had some of Galen's texts translated into Arabic, often by Syrian Christian scholars ( see below ).

From the 11th century onwards, Latin translations of Islamic medical texts began to appear in the West, alongside the Salerno school of thought, and were soon incorporated into the curriculum at the universities of Naples and Montpellier.

In the early Middle Ages, following the fall of the Roman Empire, standard medical knowledge was based chiefly upon surviving Greek and Roman texts, preserved in monasteries and elsewhere.

The mystery behind his death is amplified as his disappearance coincided with the disappearance of all his medical texts and architectural manuscripts.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, " The evidence afforded by Egyptian and Greek texts support the view that Imhotep's reputation was very respected in early times ... His prestige increased with the lapse of centuries and his temples in Greek times were the centers of medical teachings.

Among the findings were the Enuma Elish, also known as the Epic of Creation, which depicts a traditional Babylonian view of creation, the Epic of Gilgamesh, a large selection of " omen texts " including Enuma Anu Enlil which " contained omens dealing with the moon, its visibility, eclipses, and conjunction with planets and fixed stars, the sun, its corona, spots, and eclipses, the weather, namely lightning, thunder, and clouds, and the planets and their visibility, appearance, and stations ", and astronomic / astrological texts, as well as standard lists used by scribes and scholars such as word lists, bilingual vocabularies, lists of signs and synonyms, and lists of medical diagnoses.

Very little information was available about homosexuality beyond medical and psychiatric texts.

Whereas sodomy between men, men and women, and men and animals was punishable by death in Britain, acknowledgment of sexual contact between women was nonexistent in medical and legal texts.

The first was technically proficient ; the second may have read some of the texts on obstetrics and gynecology ; but the third was highly trained and reasonably considered a medical specialist with a concentration in midwifery.

Opium is mentioned in the most important medical texts of the ancient world, including the Ebers Papyrus and the writings of Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna.

Lipscomb credits perusing the large medical texts in his physician father's library and the influence of Linus Pauling years later to his undertaking biochemical studies in his later years.

The Hippocratic Oath ( orkos ) is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts.

Abulcasis ( Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi ), an Andalusian-Arab physician and scientist who practised in the Zahra suburb of Córdoba, wrote medical texts that shaped European surgical procedures up until the Renaissance.

The decline of the museums within medical schools was largely due to the demand in floor space for teaching and new disciplines and less importantly the great improvements in photography and colour texts.

Ancient Greek and Roman medical texts by Hippocrates, Theophrastus, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Pedanius Dioscorides, and Pliny the Elder discussed the use of opium and Solanum species.

The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.

* Science ( Latin )-medicine ( itself a Latin loanword ) uses a large vocabulary of Latin terms ( sternum, appendix ), as a result of medieval advances in medical science being conducted in Latin-even if some of the earliest Latin medical texts were translations from Greek and Arabic.

Other medical devices and aids that can be considered prosthetics include hearing aids, artificial eyes, palatal obturator, gastric bands, and dentures.

Common forms of antibacterial misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibacterials on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use.

Government agencies which would be called on to respond to a bioterrorism incident would include law enforcement, hazardous materials / decontamination units and emergency medical units.

Prominent biomedical engineering applications include the development of biocompatible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to micro-implants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs and EEGs, regenerative tissue growth, pharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic biologicals.

The scope of RoHS 2 is widened to include products previously excluded, such as medical devices and industrial equipment.

Other professional certifications include certifications such as medical licenses, Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, nursing board certification, diplomas in social work.

Various effects, both immediate and protracted, include the spread of virulent diseases, the establishment of unequal social relations, exploitation, enslavement, medical advances, the creation of new institutions, and technological progress.

Common Axis III disorders include brain injuries and other medical / physical disorders which may aggravate existing diseases or present symptoms similar to other disorders.

Notable works include Abu Bakr al-Razi's encyclopedia of science, the Mutazilite Al-Kindi's prolific output of 270 books, and Ibn Sina's medical encyclopedia, which was a standard reference work for centuries.

Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

These include pre-pubescent children, those with a medical condition such as diabetes, elderly people, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Scientists have genetically engineered several organisms, including some mammals, to include green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) for medical research purposes ( Chalfie, Shimoura, and Tsien were awarded the Nobel prize in 2008 for GFP ).

Generally, handguns in the Czech Republic are available to anybody above 21 years of age ( 15, 16 or 18 years under special conditions ) with a clean criminal history who passes tests about gun law and weapon knowledge and a medical inspection ( which may optionally include psychological test ).

They would include the withdrawal of toleration of speech and assembly from groups and movements which promote aggressive policies, armament, chauvinism, discrimination on the grounds of race and religion, or which oppose the extension of public services, social security, medical care, etc "

Other medical innovations first introduced by Muslim physicians include the discovery of the immune system, the use of animal testing, and the combination of medicine with other sciences ( including agriculture, botany, chemistry, and pharmacology ), the first drugstores in Baghdad ( 754 ), the distinction between medicine and pharmacy by the 12th century, and the discovery of at least 2, 000 medicinal and chemical substances.

More severe withdrawal symptoms which occur can include seizures ( some of which can be fatal ), visual and auditory hallucinations, suicidal ideation, extremely severe panic attacks, depersonalization, tremors, delirium, delirium tremens and if not treated as an emergency by a proper medical staff death from a seizure can occur.

The types of risk that a captive can underwrite for their parents include property damage, public and product liability, professional indemnity, employee benefits, employers ' liability, motor and medical aid expenses.

Examples of applications in these bands include radio-frequency process heating, microwave ovens, and medical diathermy machines.

Diverse applications of superconductivity include infrared sensors and medical imaging systems.

Notable Islamic medical pioneers include the polymath, Avicenna, who, along with Imhotep and Hippocrates, has also been called the " father of medicine ".

The field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials ( materiomics ).

In the UK, perons who are prescribed oral Methadone can continue to drive after they have satisfactorily completed an independent medical examination which will include a urine screen for drugs.

The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects of the nervous system.

Application areas include system identification and control ( vehicle control, process control, natural resources management ), quantum chemistry, game-playing and decision making ( backgammon, chess, poker ), pattern recognition ( radar systems, face identification, object recognition and more ), sequence recognition ( gesture, speech, handwritten text recognition ), medical diagnosis, financial applications ( automated trading systems ), data mining ( or knowledge discovery in databases, " KDD "), visualization and e-mail spam filtering.

Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include the rebuilding of schools and medical clinics, as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained.