These results were unexpected and inexplicable by existing theories.

The results are broadly consistent with those expected from cosmic inflation as well as various other competing theories, and are available in detail at NASA's data bank for Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ) ( see links below ).

It may also refer specifically to the role of Charles Darwin as opposed to others in the history of evolutionary thought — particularly contrasting Darwin's results with those of earlier theories such as Lamarckism or later ones such as the modern synthesis.

However, opponents of " late extinction " theories have interpreted such late dates based on indirect dating methods as artifacts resulting from redeposition of skeletal material into more recent strata, and recent direct dating results obtained with new technologies have tended to confirm this interpretation.

Roughly speaking, quantum mechanics has a much stronger statistical correlation with measurement results performed on different axes than do these hidden variable theories.

Some workers in the field have also attempted to formulate hidden variable theories that exploit loopholes in actual experiments, such as the assumptions made in interpreting experimental data, although no theory has been proposed that can reproduce all the results of quantum mechanics.

In contrast, John Bell, in his 1964 paper, showed that quantum mechanics and the class of hidden variable theories Einstein favored would lead to different experimental results: different by a factor of for certain correlations.

An analysis of results from the Large Hadron Collider in December 2010 severely constrains theories with large extra dimensions ..

While these results originally seemed too simple or too technical to warrant independent interest, they have turned out to be central to the theories in which they occur.

Their results reveal that Paranthropus boisei contrary to previous theories, did not eat nuts but dined more heavily on C4 plants than any other human ancestor or human relative studied to date.

" Normative philosophies or theories of education may make use of the results of thought and of factual inquiries about human beings and the psychology of learning, but in any case they propound views about what education should be, what dispositions it should cultivate, why it ought to cultivate them, how and in whom it should do so, and what forms it should take.

While these theories were successful in explaining many experimental results, they had certain unsatisfactory qualities stemming from their neglect of the relativistic creation and annihilation of particles.

For specific problems effective theories may be written down which give qualitatively correct results in certain limits.

It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.

Similar ideas are found in learning theories that developed from the same fundamental concepts, emphasizing how understanding results from knowing concepts both in part and as a whole.

Kepler later used Tycho's astronomical results to develop his own theories of astronomy.

As a result, theories may make predictions that have not yet been confirmed or proven incorrect ; in this case, the predicted results may be described informally with the term " theoretical.

Research reviews of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique show results ranging from inconclusive to clinically significant .< ref > Skeptics have called TM or its associated theories and technologies a pseudoscience.

This results in a bright spot at the shadow's center, where geometrical optics and particle theories of light predict that there should be no light at all.

Newtonian mechanics as well as any following physical theories are results of observations and experiments, and so they describe " how it all works " within a tolerance.

The term is also used more generally, to represent the idea that a new theory should reproduce the results of older well-established theories in those domains where the old theories work.

Feynman cautioned that to avoid becoming cargo cult scientists, researchers must first of all avoid fooling themselves, be willing to question and doubt their own theories and their own results, and investigate possible flaws in a theory or an experiment.

In 1885, he launched a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results contradictory to contemporary scientific racist theories on the " Aryan race ", leading him to denounce the " Nordic mysticism " in the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe.

A. M. Wergeland called the Adams method literally antihistorical, while Clive Day maintained that the assumptions were not confined to theories alone but were also applicable to straight factual evidence.

Theories of apparently altruistic behavior were accelerated by the need to produce theories compatible with evolutionary origins.

After the Revolution of 1917, views expressed by anthropologists in the USSR, and later the Soviet Bloc countries, were highly shaped by the requirement to conform to Marxist theories of social evolution.

These theories were built on a coherent building of argument from assumed or accepted beginnings.

He also developed his own highly unusual theories of physics, according to which such concepts as " penetrability ", " suction and pressure " and " zig-zag-and-swirl " were discoveries on par with Einstein's Theory of Relativity.

Jean-Jacques Ampère, a successful merchant, was an admirer of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose theories of education ( as outlined in his treatise Émile ) were the basis of Ampère ’ s education.

Drag theories were developed by Jean le Rond d ' Alembert, Gustav Kirchhoff, and Lord Rayleigh.

Only 15 citations of Jensen's paper were in any way supportive of his theories, and 7 of these 15 were only in relation to minor points.

Biostatistical reasoning and modeling were of critical importance to the foundation theories of modern biology.

The success of this legend of origins was partly due to theories in anthropology, which were based on a tribal paradigm.

Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which causes the Bubonic plague, although these were different, previously unknown ancestral variants of those identified in the 20th century.

Social critics have adopted this term to refer to how the synthesis of paranoid conspiracy theories, which were once limited to American fringe audiences, has given them mass appeal and enabled them to become commonplace in mass media, thereby inaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for apocalyptic millenarian scenarios in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

The problem arises in these theories because they tend to separate the achieved ends from the action by which these ends were produced.

Specifically, after acknowledging the various popular theories in vogue at the time, of how atoms were reasoned to attach to each other, i. e. " hooked atoms ", " glued together by rest ", or " stuck together by conspiring motions ", Newton states that he would rather infer from their cohesion, that " particles attract one another by some force, which in immediate contact is exceedingly strong, at small distances performs the chemical operations, and reaches not far from the particles with any sensible effect.

Building on the founding discoveries and theories in the history of quantum mechanics, the first theoretical calculations in chemistry were those of Walter Heitler and Fritz London in 1927.

Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth.

Jean Baptiste Say was a French economist who introduced Adam Smith's economic theories into France and whose commentaries on Smith were read in both France and Britain.

There were two theories.

These theories were first applied in the 1920s by Chinese scholars such as Guo Moruo, and became orthodoxy in academic study after 1949.

Rogers ' last years were devoted to applying his theories in situations of political oppression and national social conflict, traveling worldwide to do so.

Included in that collection were “ Judgment Night ” ( first published in August and September, 1943 ), the lush rendering of a future galactic empire with a sober meditation on the nature of power and its inevitable loss ; “ The Code ” ( July, 1945 ), an homage to the classic Faust with modern theories and Lovecraftian dread ; “ Promised Land ” ( February, 1950 ) and “ Heir Apparent ” ( July, 1950 ) both documenting the grim twisting that mankind must undergo in order to spread into the solar system ; and “ Paradise Street ” ( September, 1950 ), a futuristic take on the Old West conflict between lone hunter and wilderness-taming settlers.