* Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring ; this is most common among bacteria.

Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the adzuki bean beetle Callosobruchus chinensis may also have occurred.

Horizontal gene transfer has complicated the determination of phylogenies of organisms, and inconsistencies in phylogeny have been reported among specific groups of organisms depending on the genes used to construct evolutionary trees.

* Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) ( or lateral gene transfer ) is any process in which an organism gets genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.

Richardson and Palmer ( 2007 ) state: " Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes.

* Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ), also lateral gene transfer ( LGT ) or transposition refers to the transfer of genetic material between organisms other than vertical gene transfer.

Horizontal gene transfer is the primary reason for bacterial antibiotic resistance and in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides.

Horizontal gene transfer was first described in Seattle in 1951 in a publication which demonstrated that the transfer of a viral gene into Corynebacterium diphtheria created a virulent from a non-virulent strain, also simultaneously solving the riddle of diphtheria ( that patients could be infected with the bacteria but not have any symptoms, and then suddenly convert later or never ), and giving the first example for the relevance of the lysogenic cycle.

However, Richardson and Palmer ( 2007 ) state: " Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes.

Horizontal gene transfer is common among bacteria, even amongst very distantly-related ones.

* Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to some fungi, especially the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been well documented.

*: Citizendium: Horizontal gene transfer

*: Citizendium: Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes

*: Citizendium: Horizontal gene transfer in plants

*: Citizendium: Horizontal gene transfer ( History )

Horizontal collectivism stresses collective decision-making among relatively-equal individuals, and is thus usually based on decentralization.

Horizontal shearing is defined by:

Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is a Horizontal Passage leading to the " Queen's Chamber ".

Horizontal sectioning is often done in the evaluation of the hair follicles and pilosebaceous units.

Horizontal striping ( welting ) is also possible, by alternating rows of knit and purl stitches.

Horizontal microcode is typically contained in a fairly wide control store ; it is not uncommon for each word to be 56 bits or more.

Another popular offensive strategy is the Horizontal Stack.

Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads ( e. g., resistors, capacitors, and diodes ) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in the board ( often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part's mechanical strength ), soldering the leads, and trimming off the ends.

As it is currently configured, the launch site features structures similar to Boeing's Delta IV SLC-37 launch site at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, with a Fixed Umbilical Tower, Mobile Service Tower, Fixed Pad Erector, Launch Control Center and Operations Building, and a Horizontal Integration Facility.

Gonzales is home to the 922nd Horizontal Engineer Company which is part of the 769th Engineer Battalion headquartered in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

921st Engineer Company ( Horizontal ), part of the 528th Engineer Battalion which belongs to the 225th Engineer Brigade, is located in Winnsboro.

Horizontal agreement, that is one between competitors, will usually be de minimis where the parties ’ market share is 10 % or less, and a vertical agreement, between undertakings operating at different levels of the market, where it is 15 % or less.

:* Horizontal fragmentation-splits the relation by assigning each tuple of r to one or more fragments.

Horizontal integration in marketing is much more common than vertical integration is in production.

Horizontal travel by means of narrow gauge tramway or cable car is also much safer and can move more people and ore than vertical elevators.

An aircraft can follow a specific path from station to station by tuning in to the successive stations on the VOR receiver, and then either following the desired course on a Radio Magnetic Indicator, or setting it on a Course Deviation Indicator ( CDI ) or a Horizontal Situation Indicator ( HSI, a more sophisticated version of the VOR indicator ) and keeping a course pointer centered on the display.

# A Horizontal Situation Indicator ( HSI ) is considerably more expensive and complex than a standard VOR indicator, but combines heading information with the navigation display in a much more user-friendly format, approximating a simplified moving map.

Horizontal spacing requires more complex installation, but brings better performance.

Horizontal guidance gets more accurate the closer you fly to the localizer station.

Horizontal and operated by foot-treadles, faster and more efficient.

These initial releases were met with healthy critical acclaim from underground music zines such as Maximumrocknroll and Horizontal Action through to more established glossies such as Arthur, Thrasher, Kerrang !, and Concussion Magazine, and the records received airplay and occasionally topped charts on college radio stations around the country as well as getting airplay on the BBC via the late John Peel Show.

Horizontal writing is easier for some purposes ; academic texts are sometimes written this way since they often include words and phrases in other languages, which are more easily incorporated horizontally.

Horizontal cells and other retinal interneuron cells are less likely to be near neighbours of the same subtype than would occur by chance, resulting in ‘ exclusion zones ’ that separate them.