Hu Shih and Ray Huang's involution theory.

Hu Shih, a pivotal figure of the first half of the twentieth century, wrote an influential and perceptive study of this literary tradition, entitled Báihuà Wénxuéshǐ ( A History of Vernacular Literature ).

In the early years of the Republic of China, intellectuals of the New Culture Movement, such as Hu Shih and Chen Duxiu, successfully campaigned for the replacement of Literary Chinese as the written standard by written vernacular Chinese, which was based on northern dialects.

** Hu Shih, Chinese liberal ( d. 1962 )

* Hu Shih: Some Modest Proposals for the Reform of Literature

Prior to his election as president in 1948, Chiang Kai-shek had insisted that he be premier under the new Constitution, while allowing the president ( to which Chiang nominated Hu Shih ) be a mere figurehead.

Throughout its history, the university has educated and hosted many prominent modern Chinese thinkers, including figures such as: Lu Xun, Mao Zedong, Gu Hongming, Hu Shih, Li Dazhao, and Chen Duxiu.

Hu Shih (, 17 December 1891 – 24 February 1962 ), born Simen () and originally wrote under Hu Hung-hsing () with the courtesy name Xijiang (), was a Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat.

He later changed his name to Hu Shih and his courtesy name to Shih-chih ().

He died of heart attack in Nankang, Taipei at the age of 70, and is buried in a tomb in Hu Shih Park, by the Academia Sinica campus.

His article was sufficiently convincing to many scholars that it caused a re-evaluation of the development of modern Chinese literature and the role of Hu Shih.

Hu Shih himself translated it into Chinese as, literally meaning experimentalism, since he strived to study both academic and social problems in the scientific approach ( in the general sense ), and advocated cultural reform under the guidance of pragmatism.

He also thought that teamwork was very important in journalism, and consequently asked for help from many talented authors and journalists, including Hu Shih and Lu Xun.

Having the approval from the Cai Yuanpei, the Chancellor of the Peking University, Chen collected the writings of the students which he appreciated most, which especially included Li Dazhao ( 李大釗 ), Hu Shih ( 胡適 ), Lu Xun ( 鲁迅 ) and Qian Yuan ( 錢沅 ).

In 1918, New Youth published contemporary poetry by Hu Shih ( 胡適 ) and Liu Bannong ( 劉半農 ), written in vernacular Chinese, becoming one of the first publications in China to encourage poetry in vernacular Chinese.

Hu Shih insisted that New Youth should be politically neutral and the publication should be concerned with Chinese philosophy.

Hu Shih was dissatisfied with this responsibility and their friendship and professional relationship ended.

Later, Chen wrote to Hu Shih about his dissatisfaction with Hu ’ s intimacy with many conservative faculty members of Peking University.

Editors included Chen Duxiu, Qian Xuantong, Gao Yihan, Hu Shih, Li Dazhao, Shen Yinmo, and Lu Xun.

* Hu Shih ( 1891 – 1962 ), Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat

They reported to the Chinese Ambassador to the United States Hu Shih on a mission that would ultimately conclude negotiations for the creation of an American Volunteer Group of pilots and mechanics to serve in China.

Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau signed for the United States, and Dr. T. V. Soong and Dr. Lee Kan both signed for the Chinese government with the Chinese Ambassador to the United States Dr. Hu Shih present.

Hu Shih and Lu Xun would be pioneers in modern literature.

Hu Gadarn () is a supposed Welsh legendary figure who appears in several of a series of Welsh Triads produced by the Welsh antiquarian and literary forger Iolo Morganwg.

In this story, part of the literary cycle known as the Matter of France, Hu Gadarn ( Hugo or Hugun le Fort in the French ) is Emperor of Constantinople and an enemy of Siarlymaen ( Charlemagne ).

Hu was well known as the primary advocate for the literary revolution of the era, a movement which aimed to replace scholarly classical Chinese in writing with the vernacular spoken language, and to cultivate and stimulate new forms of literature.

" In terms of literary practice, Lu Xun ( 1881 – 1936 ) is usually said to be the first major stylist in the new vernacular prose that Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu were promoting.

Periodic literary campaigns targeted figures such as Hu Shi and Hu Feng ( 胡风 ) who did not toe the Party line on literature.

He maintained friendship and debate with Hu Shi, Lu Xun, and Zhou Zuoren, key figures in the Shanghai literary scene of the 1930s.

This was brought about mainly by Lu Xun ( 1881 – 1936 ), China's first major stylist in vernacular prose ( other than the novel ), and the literary reformers Hu Shi ( 1891 – 1962 ) and Chen Duxiu ( 1880 – 1942 ).

Hu became a " national scholar " through funds appropriated from the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program.

Chen Duxiu as dean and Li Dazhao as librarian in turn recruited leading figures such as the philosopher Hu Shi, the scholar of Buddhism Liang Shuming, the historian Gu Jiegang, and many more.

* Hu Shih 胡适, Chinese writer and scholar

In the Qianlong era, scholar Wei Shu ( 魏塾 ) commented on Jiangtong's ( 江统 ) essay Xironglun ( 徙戎论 ) that if the Muslims didn't migrate out they were going to be like the Five Hu 五胡, who overthrew the Western Jin, which resulted in ethnic ( not religious ) conflict between the Wu Hu and Han Chinese.

Xu Fancheng () ( 26 October 1909-6 March 2000 ), also known as Hu Hsu in India, was a Chinese scholar and translator.

Due to a common enemy, diplomatic cooperation between the two countries dramatically got back on track during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when Vladimir Putin was elected the President, and then the Prime Minister of Russia, and along with Chinese leader Hu Jintao opposed UN Peacekeepers in Darfur.

The government then held a public memorial service for Hu in the Great Hall of the People.

As part of making the upcoming U. S. visit by then vice-president Hu Jintao go smoothly, the United States cautioned the Chen Shui-bian administration not to " go too far " in cross-Strait relations.

In April 2005, the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) general secretary Hu Jintao and the former ROC Vice President and then chairman of the Kuomintang party ( KMT ) Lien Chan shook hands.

On April 28, 2008, Honorary Chairman Lien Chan of the then opposition Kuomintang visited Beijing and met with Hu Jintao for the fourth time since their historic encounter on April 29, 2005 in their respective capacity as party leaders of both the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT.

Still, Iolo's version of Hu Gadarn was taken up in the 20th century by the poet Robert Graves, who associated him with other Celtic figures ; since then he has been popular among neopagans.

Hu then served as chancellor of Peking University between 1946 and 1948, and later ( 1957 ) president of the Academia Sinica in Taipei, where he remained until his death.

When Jiang Zemin stepped down in 2003, the offices of General Secretary and President were once again both given to one man, then Vice-President Hu Jintao.

Hu has been involved in the Communist party bureaucracy for most of his adult life, notably as Party secretary for Guizhou province and the Tibet Autonomous Region, and then later First secretary of the Party Central Secretariat and Vice-President under former leader Jiang Zemin.

During his term in the Youth League, Hu escorted Hu Yaobang, who was CPC General Secretary then, in visits around the country.

Although Jiang, then 76, stepped down from the powerful General Secretary and the Politburo Standing Committee to make way for a younger fourth generation of leadership, there was speculation that Jiang would retain significant influence because Hu was not associated with Jiang's influential Shanghai clique, to which six out of the nine members of the all-powerful Standing Committee were believed to be linked.

Since then Hu has officially taken on the three institutions in the People's Republic of China where power lie, the party, the state, as well as the military, thus informally, has become the paramount leader.

Early in his presidency, Hu faced an independence-supporting counterpart in then ROC president Chen Shui-bian.

On 26 March 2008, Hu Jintao held a telephone talk with then US President George W. Bush, in which he became the first Chinese leader to officially recognize the 1992 Consensus.

This leading daily was reformed and enlivened in the late 1970s and early-to-middle 1980s by then editor-in-chief Hu Jiwei.

Although more cautious than People's Daily in its treatment of sensitive topics during that period — such as how to commemorate reformist Communist Party leader Hu Yaobang's April 1989 death, the then ongoing demonstrations in Beijing and elsewhere, and basic questions of press freedom and individual rights — Xinhua gave some favorable coverage to demonstrators and intellectuals who were questioning top party leaders.

In the following years, Zeng then became a ' point-man ' for Hu to manage crises situations.

Xi then became the heir apparent to succeed Hu Jintao as China's paramount leader.

Although more cautious than People's Daily in its treatment of sensitive topics during that period – such as how to commemorate reformist Communist Party leader Hu Yaobang's April 1989 death, the then ongoing demonstrations in Beijing and elsewhere, and basic questions of press freedom and individual rights – Xinhua gave some favorable coverage to demonstrators and intellectuals who were questioning top party leaders.

While sixty-eight would be considered retirement age most elsewhere, this is not an advanced age whatsoever for a top CPC cadre ; in fact, at 68 Li was the second youngest member of the then seven-member Politburo Standing Committee, behind only Hu Jintao.

Hu then forgives Bai his betrayal, and Bai reveals that he has discovered that his only true love is in fact Zhuli back in Shanghai.

This ironically led to the destabilization of the Jin Dynasty, as the princes engaged in an internecine struggle known as the War of the Eight Princes soon after his death, and then the Wu Hu uprisings that nearly destroyed the Jin Dynasty and forced its relocation to the region south of the Huai River.