This discovery was supported by astrometric measurements of Epsilon Eridani made between 2001 and 2003 with the Hubble Space Telescope, which showed evidence for gravitational perturbation of the star by a planet.

STS-95 ( October 29 to November 7, 1998 ) was a 9-day mission during which the crew supported a variety of research payloads including deployment of the Spartan solar-observing spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope Orbital Systems Test Platform, and investigations on space flight and the aging process.

STS-95 ( October 29 to November 7, 1998 ) was a 9-day mission during which the crew supported a variety of research payloads including deployment and retrieval of the Spartan solar-observing spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope Orbital Systems Test Platform, and investigations on space flight and the aging process.

STS-95 Discovery ( October 29 to November 7, 1998 ) was a nine-day mission during which the crew supported a variety of research payloads including deployment of the Spartan solar-observing spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope Orbital Systems Test Platform, and investigations on space flight and the aging process.

STS-95 Discovery ( October 29 to November 7, 1998 ) was a nine-day mission during which the crew supported a variety of research payloads, including deployment of the Spartan solar-observing spacecraft and the testing of the Hubble Space Telescope Orbital Systems Test Platform.

File: Edwin Hubble with pipe. jpg | Edwin Hubble ( 1889-1953 ): discovered of the existence of galaxies other than the Milky Way and galactic red shift, found that the loss in frequency — the redshift — observed in the spectra of light from other galaxies increased in proportion to a particular galaxy's distance from Earth: Hubble's law

The cosmological principle is consistent with the observed isotropy of: ( i ) the celestial distribution of radio galaxies, which are randomly distributed across the entire sky, ( ii ) the large scale spatial distribution of galaxies, which form a randomly tangled web of clusters and voids up to around 400 megaparsecs in width, ( iii ) the isotropic distribution of observed red shift in the spectra of distant galaxies, which implies a uniform expansion of space or Hubble flow in all directions, and ( iv ) the cosmic microwave background radiation, the relic radiation released by the expansion and cooling of the early universe, which is constant in all directions to within 1 part in 100, 000.

Among his contributions are the observational proof that many nebulous objects are actually galaxies beyond our own Milky Way galaxy, the classification of galaxies according to the Hubble sequence, and the development of Hubble's Law relating a galaxy's observed red shift to its distance away.

In fact, Hubble was clear from the beginning that no such interpretation was implied:

The Hubble constant becomes relevant when converting an observed redshift z into a distance d using the formula d ≈ ( c / H ) × z.

Actual gravitational lensing effects as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in Abell 1689 – Enlarge the image to see the lensing arcs

It was not detected again until the Hubble Space Telescope observed it in 1997.

The section of spacetime that can be observed is the backward light cone ( all points within the cosmic light horizon, given time to reach a given observer ), while the related term Hubble volume can be used to describe either the past light cone or comoving space up to the surface of last scattering.

In 1993, the Hubble Space Telescope first observed the Orion Nebula.

Hubble recognized that his shape classification depends both on the intrinsic shape of the galaxy, as well as the angle with which the galaxy is observed.

In 1926, Edwin Hubble observed Cepheid variables in several spiral nebulae, including the Andromeda Galaxy, proving that they are, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own.

The object SCP 06F6 discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) in February 2006 was then observed by XMM Newton in early August 2006, and appeared to show an X-ray glow around it two orders of magnitude more luminous than that of supernovae.

Another record-holder for most distant object is a galaxy observed through and located beyond Abell 2218, also with a light travel distance of approximately 13 billion light years from Earth, with observations from the Hubble telescope indicating a redshift between 6. 6 and 7. 1, and observations from Keck telescopes indicating a redshift towards the upper end of this range, around 7.

As the nebula would be newly formed and very small, ground-based observations were not able to resolve it ; so Bobrowsky observed it with the Hubble Space Telescope, discovering the nebula, which he named the " Stingray Nebula.

The Hubble Space Telescope observed Fortuna in 1993.

The age of the universe can be determined by measuring the Hubble constant today and extrapolating back in time with the observed value of density parameters ( Ω ).

* follow the detailed Hubble relation observed with supernova data ( see accelerating universe )

The area was observed by Hubble ’ s Wide Field Camera 3 on February 1 – 2, 2010.

Messier 101 as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope.

NGC 5866 as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope.

It has also been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and from Earth for the past 23 years.

During the 1980's, most research focused on cold dark matter with critical density in matter, around 95 % CDM and 5 % baryons: these showed success at forming galaxies and clusters of galaxies, but problems remained: notably the model required a Hubble constant lower than preferred by observations, and the model under-predicted observed large-scale galaxy clustering.

However, later refined analysis of improved Chandra and Hubble observations revealed that the surface temperature of the star is lower, only 434, 000 degrees, and respectively the radius is larger, about 14 km ( with account of the effects of General Relativity the observed radius appears about 17 km ).

* 75 Ym — redshift 0. 95 — 8 gigalight-years — Approximate distance to the supernova SN 2002dd in the Hubble Deep Field North ( light travel distance )

Einstein abandoned the concept after the observation of the Hubble redshift indicated that the universe might not be stationary, as he had based his theory on the idea that the universe is unchanging.

Since the early twentieth century when astronomer Edwin Hubble first hypothesized that redshift shows the universe is expanding, prevailing scientific opinion has been that the current state of the universe is the result of a process described by the Big Bang.

* Edwin Hubble, astronomer, changed view of universe per galaxy redshift leading to Big Bang cosmology

These galaxies are all redshifted, in accordance with the Hubble Flow, indicating that they are receding relative to us and to each other, but the variations in their redshift are sufficient to reveal the existence of the anomaly.

The controversy was laid to rest by the 1990s when evidence became available that indicated quasars were actually the ultra-luminous cores of distant active galactic nuclei and that the major components of their redshift were in fact due to the Hubble flow.

The forest is created by the fact that photons that come to us from distant light sources show Hubble redshift that depends on the distance between us and the source of light.

Edwin Hubble was generally incorrectly credited with discovering the redshift of galaxies ; these measurements and their significance were understood before 1917 by James Edward Keeler ( Lick & Allegheny ), Vesto Melvin Slipher ( Lowell ), and William Wallace Campbell ( Lick ) at other observatories.

Arp argued that the redshift was not due to Hubble expansion or physical movement of the objects, but must have a non-cosmological or " intrinsic " origin.

Moreover, many imaging surveys, most notably the Hubble Deep Field, have found many high-redshift objects that are not QSOs but that appear to be normal galaxies like those found nearby .< ref name =" driveretal1998 "> Moreover, the spectra of the high-redshift galaxies, as seen from X-ray to radio wavelengths, match the spectra of nearby galaxies ( particularly galaxies with high levels of star formation activity but also galaxies with normal or extinguished star formation activity ) when corrected for redshift effects.

This radius, now known as the “ Abell radius ,” may be defined as 1. 72 / z arcminutes, where z is the cluster ’ s redshift, or as 1. 5h < sup >− 1 </ sup > Mpc, where the Hubble constant is assumed to beH < sub > 0 </ sub >

Despite the opposition, Hubble, then a thirty-five-year-old scientist, had his findings first published in The New York Times on, 1924, and then more formally presented in the form of a paper at the January 1, 1925 meeting of the American Astronomical Society.

By 1929, however, the work of Hubble and others had shown that our universe is expanding.

Slipher and Edwin Hubble continued to collect the spectra from many diffuse nebulae, finding 29 that showed emission spectra and 33 had the continuous spectra of star light.

Prior to Return to Flight, NASA Administrator Sean O ' Keefe declared that all future flights of the shuttle would go to the ISS, precluding the possibility of executing the final Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission which had been scheduled before the Columbia accident, despite the fact that millions of dollars worth of upgrade equipment for Hubble were ready and waiting in NASA warehouses.

However, soon after Einstein developed his static theory, observations by Edwin Hubble indicated that the universe appears to be expanding ; this was consistent with a cosmological solution to the original general-relativity equations that had been found by the mathematician Friedmann.

Fortunately, the Hubble telescope had been designed to allow in-space maintenance, and in December 1993, mission STS-61 carried astronauts to the Hubble to make corrections and change some components.

Through the 1990s, the Hubble did provide astronony images that had never before been seen.

Gold and Bondi also stated that the issues with time scale that had plagued other cosmological theories – such as the discrepancy between the age of the universe as calculated by Hubble and dating of radioactive decay in terrestrial rocks – were absent for the Steady State theory.

Before Looney and his wife started Looney Labs, they had both worked at NASA, where, in 1993, some of Looney's software was launched into orbit as part of the repairs to the Hubble Space Telescope .< ref name =" andybio ">

Modern physical cosmology as it is currently studied first emerged as a scientific discipline in the period after the Shapley – Curtis debate and discoveries by Edwin Hubble of a cosmic distance ladder when astronomers and physicists had to come to terms with a universe that was of a much larger scale than the previously assumed galactic size.

By 1931, Hubble had identified Messier 87 as a member of the Virgo cluster, for which he gave a provisional estimate of 1. 8 million parsecs from Earth.

He was in line to make a record seventh flight on STS-61-J to deploy the Hubble Space Telescope in 1986, but the Challenger disaster earlier that year had delayed NASA's schedule.

When the spot was to be photographed again in November 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope, it had disappeared completely, leaving astronomers to believe that it had either been covered up or vanished.

KH-11 satellites are believed to resemble the Hubble Space Telescope in size and shape, as the satellites were shipped in similar containers, and had comparable primary mirror diameters.

Hubble now had a full set of six healthy gyroscopes.

It was the first mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope, which had been launched three years previously.

The STS-82 mission was the second in a series of planned servicing missions to the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope (" HST "), which had been placed in orbit on 24 April 1990 by Discovery during STS-31.

The new computer was 20 times faster and had six times the memory of the DF-224 computer previously used on Hubble.

The speed at which he calculated the nebulae to rotate would, if Hubble were correct as to their extragalactic nature, have had their Cepheid stars moving at speeds faster than that of light.

The New Technology Telescope initially had the same problem as the Hubble Space Telescope-the mirror was ground to the wrong shape due to a mis-calibrated null corrector.