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Hydrogenation to the alkene is usually more desirable since alkanes are less useful:
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Hydrogenation and alkene
Hydrogenation of an alkene on a solid catalyst entails chemisorption of the molecules of hydrogen and alkene, which form bonds to the surface atoms.
Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, generally an alkene.
Hydrogenation and is
Hydrogenation is sensitive to steric hindrance explaining the selectivity for reaction with the exocyclic double bond but not the internal double bond.
Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.
Hydrogenation of DMT affords the diol cyclohexanedimethanol, which is a useful monomer.
Hydrogenation and alkanes
Hydrogenation of alkenes produces the corresponding alkanes.
alkene and is
In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
The simplest alkene is ethylene ( C < sub > 2 </ sub > H < sub > 4 </ sub >), which has the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) name ethene.
The misalignment of the p orbitals is less than expected because pyramidalization takes place ( See: pyramidal alkene ).
trans-Cyclooctene is a stable strained alkene and the orbital misalignment is only 19 ° with a dihedral angle of 137 ° ( normal 120 °) and a degree of pyramidalization of 18 °.
An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels – Alder reaction ( the so-called cycloaddition ) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system.
This contains the alkene functional group and can now dimerize with another isobutene to give iso-octene, which is then catalytically hydrogenated to iso-octane using pressured hydrogen gas.
( See Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation ) Asymmetric hydrogenation of an alkene in the presence of (( S )- BINAP ) Ru ( OAc )< sub > 2 </ sub > is used for the commercial production of enantiomerically pure ( 97 % ee ) naproxen, used as an anti-inflammatory drug.
The double bond of the alkene is replaced by two new bonds, one with the halogen and one with the hydrogen atom of the hydrohalic acid.
In organic chemistry, a thiol () is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (– C – SH or R – SH ) group ( where R represents an alkane, alkene, or other carbon-containing group of atoms ).
Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation ( also called the Sharpless bishydroxylation ) is the chemical reaction of an alkene with osmium tetroxide in the presence of a chiral quinine ligand to form a vicinal diol.
An important characteristic of alkene and alkyne hydrogenations, both the homogeneously and heterogeneously catalyzed versions, is that hydrogen addition occurs with " syn addition ", with hydrogen entering from the least hindered side.
If the reaction is performed under warm or hot conditions ( which favor an increase in entropy ), E1 elimination is likely to predominate, leading to formation of an alkene.
Even if the reaction is performed cold, some alkene may be formed.
If an attempt is made to perform an S < sub > N </ sub > 1 reaction using a strongly basic nucleophile such as hydroxide or methoxide ion, the alkene will again be formed, this time via an E2 elimination.
The same is true when an alkene reacts with water in an addition reaction to form alcohol.
Therefore, the major product of the addition of HX ( where X is some atom more electronegative than H ) to an alkene has the hydrogen atom in the less substituted position and X in the more substituted position.
In organic chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a hydroxyl group ( OH < sup >−</ sup >) and a hydrogen cation ( an acidic proton ) are added to the two carbon atoms bonded together in the carbon-carbon double bond which makes up an alkene functional group.
A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon – carbon double bond of an alkene functional group.
The halohydrin formation reaction is a chemical reaction in which a halogen is added to an alkene in aqueous solution to form a halohydrin.
# Br < sub > 2 </ sub > is much more soluble in the non-polar alkene than either water or HOBr.
alkene and usually
The substituent on the activated alkene, also called a Michael acceptor, is usually a ketone making it an enone, but it can also be a nitro group.
Ring opening metathesis usually involves a strained alkene ( often a norbornene ) and the release of ring strain drives the reaction.
alkene and more
This rule states that " In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative ( nucleophilic ) atom ( or part ) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms.
The rule states that, with the addition of a protic acid HX to an alkene, the acid hydrogen ( H ) becomes attached to the carbon with fewer alkyl substituents, and the halide ( X ) group becomes attached to the carbon with more alkyl substituents.
The term electron-deficient is also used in a more general way in organic chemistry, to indicate a pi-system such as an alkene or arene that has electron-withdrawing groups attached, as found in nitrobenzene or acrylonitrile.
Aromatic compounds are more stable than theoretically predicted by alkene hydrogenation data ; the " extra " stability is due to the delocalized cloud of electrons, called resonance energy.
* Zaitsev's rule predicts that the major reaction product is the alkene with the more highly substituted ( more stable ) double bond.
In this mode, three atoms are bonded to the metal as an allyl-anion ligand, and the remaining two of the Cp are more like a simple alkene.
The amount of energy released during a hydrogenation reaction, known as the heat of hydrogenation, is inversely related to the stability of the starting alkene: the more stable the alkene, the lower its heat of hydrogenation.
Chemists would ozonize an unknown alkene to yield smaller and more readily identifiable fragments.
In the Shell higher olefin process, the chain-length distribution in the initial mixture of alkene oligomers is adjusted so as to more closely match market demand.
The 1, 4 adduct places the larger Br atom at a less congested site and includes a more highly substituted alkene moiety, while the 1, 2 adduct is the result of the attack by the nucleophile ( Br < sup >-</ sup >) at the carbon of the allylic cation bearing the greatest positive charge ( the more highly substituted carbon ).
The reaction sequence concludes with nucleophilic attack of a second azide ion on this alkene with more double bond rearrangements and proton abstraction from a proton source.
alkene and since
After a certain number of steps, we will obtain an alkene and hydrogen gas: CH < sub > 2 </ sub >= CH-CH < sub > 2 </ sub >- CH < sub > 3 </ sub > + H < sub > 2 </ sub > this is very useful since the catalyst can be recycled.
Also, since the reaction involves free radical species, a side reaction occurs to produce an alkene.
0.133 seconds.