Even at that young age, Hymes had a reputation as a strong linguist ; his dissertation, completed in one year, was a grammar of the Kathlamet language spoken near the mouth of the Columbia and known primarily from Franz Boas ’ s work at the end of the 19th century.

Hymes ’ s ethnopoetic theories focus on repetitions in the grammar and syntax of transcribed and translated texts that he suggest can still be analyzed and retranslated.

When Hymes retranslated “ The Sun ’ s Myth ,” he recovered the poetic and stylistic devices that were used in the original recorded performance, but which had been lost in the myth ’ s earlier translation by Franz Boas.

Hymes ’ ethnopoetics revolves around a conception of narratives as primarily organized in terms of formal and aesthetic —‘ poetic ’— patterns, not in terms of content or thematic patterns.

For example, folklorist Barre Toelken explains that Hymes ’ s “ knowledge of the extant Chinookan languages ” helped him to “ notice stylistic devices that highlighted certain actions and themes and even performance styles that brought scenes into sharp focus ” ( 2003, 122 ).

In other words, without his knowledge of the native language of oral performers, Hymes could not have placed his ethnopoetic translation of “ The Sun ’ s Myth ” within its specific Native American cultural context.

His spouse, Virginia Hymes, is also a sociolinguist and folklorist.

Since appropriate language use is conventionally defined, and varies across different communities, much of Hymes early work frames a project for ethnographic investigation into contrasting patterns of language use across speech communities.

Burke's work was theoretically and topically diverse, but the idea that seems most influential on Hymes is the application of rhetorical criticism to poetry.

The concept of language change is old and its history is reviewed in Hymes ( 1973 ) and Wells ( 1973 ).

The approach pioneered by Hymes is now known as the ethnography of communication.

In discussing definitions of language, Dell Hymes wrote that " sometimes two communities are said to have the same, or different, languages on the grounds of mutual intelligibility, or lack thereof ", but alone, this definition is often insufficient.

The major criticism towards Chomsky's notion of linguistic competence by Hymes is the inadequate distinction of competence and performance.

Randy Hymes ( born August 7, 1979 in Galveston, Texas ) is an American football wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League.

Hymes considers literary critic Kenneth Burke his biggest influence on this latter work, saying, “ My sense of what I do probably owes more to KB than to anyone else ”.

Hymes promoted what he and others call “ ethnopoetics ,” an anthropological method of transcribing and analyzing folklore and oral narrative that pays attention to poetic structures within speech.

On the other hand, Dell Hymes believes that even previously dictated texts retain significant structural patterns of poetic repetition that “ are the ‘ reason why ’” storytellers use pauses in their oral performances ( 1999, 97 – 98 ).

For example, accordingly to folklorist Barre Toelken, the poetic beauty and power of Native American texts like “ The Sun's Myth ” have been restored “ because a dedicated anthropological folklorist and linguist, Dell Hymes, dedicated a good part of his life to resuscitating a dry, written text collected.

Hymes formulated a response to Noam Chomsky's influential distinction between competence ( knowledge of grammatical rules necessary to decoding and producing language ) and performance ( actual language use in context ).

Hymes objected to the marginalization of performance from the center of linguistic inquiry and proposed the notion of communicative competence, or knowledge necessary to use language in social context, as an object of linguistic inquiry.

He created the Dell Hymes Model of Speaking and coined the term communicative competence within language education.

The term was coined by Dell Hymes in 1966, reacting against the perceived inadequacy of Noam Chomsky's ( 1965 ) distinction between competence and performance.

To address Chomsky's abstract notion of competence, Hymes undertook ethnographic exploration of communicative competence that included " communicative form and function in integral relation to each other ".

Debate has occurred regarding linguistic competence and communicative competence in the second and foreign language teaching literature, and scholars have found communicative competence as a superior model of language following Hymes ' opposition to Chomsky's linguistic competence.

Another functionalist theory advances the notion of communicative competence, which focuses on socially-situated performance, was developed by Dell Hymes in response to the abstract nature of linguistic competence.

The CEFR adopts an action-oriented approach that, according to Carlos César Jiménez of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, can be traced back to theoretical proposals made by philosophers of language such as Ludwig Wittgenstein in the 1950s and sociolinguists such as Dell Hymes.

The development of ethnopoetics as a separate subfield of study was largely pioneered from the middle of the 20th century by anthropologists and linguists such as Dennis Tedlock and Dell Hymes.

Hymes ' later work focuses on poetics, particularly the poetic organization of Native American oral narratives.

Hymes believes that all narratives in the world are organized around implicit principles of form which convey important knowledge and ways of thinking and of viewing the world.

* Hymes, Dell H. 2003.

Hymes clearly considers folklore and narrative a vital part of the fields of linguistics, anthropology and literature, and has bemoaned the fact that so few scholars in those fields are willing and able to adequately include folklore in its original language in their considerations ( Hymes 1981: 6-7 ).

* Hymes, Dell H. ( 1960 ).

* Hymes, Dell ( 1960 ).

A number of studies ( Dockstader 1955, Hymes 1956, Kennard 1963, Hill 1997 ) have focused on loanwords ( words borrowed into Hopi from other languages ).

The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines psychological altruism as " a motivational state with the goal of increasing another ’ s welfare ".

Some scholars believe that the apologetic view of Luke ’ s work is overemphasized and that it should not be regarded as a “ major aim of the Lucan writings .” While Munck believes that purpose of Luke ’ s work is not that clear-cut and sympathizes with other claims, he believes that Luke ’ s work can function as an apology only in the sense that it “ presents a defense of Christianity and Paul ” and may serve to “ clarify the position of Christianity within Jewry and within the Roman Empire .” Pervo disagrees that Luke ’ s work is an apology and even that it could possibly be addressed to Rome because he believes that “ Luke and Acts speak to insiders, believers in Jesus .” Freedman believes that Luke is writing an apology but that his goal is “ not to defend the Christian movement as such but to defend God ’ s ways in history .”

Although Atlanta ’ s lack of bike lanes may deter many residents from cycling, the city ’ s transportation plan calls for the construction of 226 miles of bike lanes by 2020, with the BeltLine helping to achieve this goal.

The DFLP declared that its goal was to ‘’ create a people ’ s democratic Palestine, where Arabs and Jews would live without discrimination, a state without classes and national oppression, a state which allows Arabs and Jews to develop their national culture .’’

Thus Sophia ’ s power becomes enclosed within the material forms of humanity, themselves entrapped within the material universe: the goal of Gnostic movements was typically the awakening of this spark, which permitted a return by the subject to the superior, non-material realities which were its primal source.

For example, according to ancient Hebrew belief, life takes a linear ( and not cyclical ) path ; the world began with God and is constantly headed toward God ’ s final goal for creation.

The goal of Erlang ’ s traffic theory is to determine exactly how many service-providing elements should be provided in order to satisfy users, without wasteful over-provisioning.

At the Cowles Commission, Simon ’ s main goal was to link economic theory to mathematics and statistics.

The ILO ’ s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) was created in 1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of child labour, which was to be achieved through strengthening the capacity of countries to deal with the problem and promoting a worldwide movement to combat child labour.

The IMF's stated goal was to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the world ’ s international payment system post-World War II.

The long-term goal of the government ’ s information and communications technology strategy is for the telecommunications sector to contribute 5 percent to gross domestic product by 2010.

At the time of his retirement, Abdul-Jabbar was the NBA ’ s all-time leader in points scored, games played, minutes played, field goals made, field goal attempts, blocked shots, defensive rebounds, and personal fouls.

Tirpitz ’ s ultimate goal was a fleet superior to that of Britain.

The Free Love movement ’ s initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birth control, and adultery.

The Accession conditions were negotiated, being the main strategic goal of Miller ’ s cabinet.

Though some have questioned Whitehouse ’ s confidence, many consider the comedy genius more than capable of achieving his goal.

KII ’ s goal was to advance the nation ’ s IT infrastructure.

The past government has actually outlined a program to achieve a ‘ Vision 2020 ’ goal to become a developed country by 2020.

GHF's stated goal for the project is to create an informed and scientifically-grounded Master Plan to guide the site ’ s long-term conservation and management, which will enable sustainability and can serve as a model for other sites ’ stewardship.