However, IBM's mainframe hardware business has not been immune to the recent overall downturn in the server hardware market or to model cycle effects.

Although announced in 1988, the AS / 400 remains IBM's most recent major architectural shift that was developed wholly internally.

After World War II, Watson began work to further the extent of IBM's influence abroad and in 1949, the year he stepped down, created the IBM World Trade Corporation in order to oversee IBM's foreign business.

IBM's POWER-based processor boards and the workstation-level Intel-based Xeon processor boards, for example, have multiple CPUs, more on-die cache and ECC memory, which are features more suited to demanding content-creation, engineering and scientific work than to general desktop computing.

He discusses his work with Nathaniel Rochester and IBM's management of the design process for computers.

Originating in work done at IBM's Vienna Laboratory in the 1970s, it has grown to include a group of techniques and tools based on a formal specification language-the VDM Specification Language ( VDM-SL ).

Third party products existed for some areas, but customers then faced the prospect of having to prove which vendor was at fault if, say, a third party printer didn't work correctly with an IBM computer, and IBM's warranties and service agreements often stipulated that they would not support systems with non-IBM components attached.

He discusses his work with Nathaniel Rochester and IBM's management of the design process for computers.

Although the work was focused on COBOL, the idea of a host-language independent database was starting to emerge, prompted by IBM's advocacy of PL / I as a COBOL replacement.

In 1974, CICS development responsibility was shifted to IBM's Hursley, United Kingdom Laboratory, where development work continues today.

In 1955 he returned to the United States to work at IBM's Poughkeepsie labs where he worked with Brooks on a number of projects:

As part of the two-man team responsible for managing IBM's Research Division in the mid-1960s, he was involved in a number of programs, including the company's work on semiconductor lasers.

Founded by Ray Ozzie, the creator of IBM's Lotus Notes application, the privately held company specialized in productivity software that allows multiple users to work collaboratively on computer files simultaneously.

After joining IBM Research in 1972, he built on the work of IBM's Rolf Landauer to show that general-purpose computation can be performed by a logically and thermodynamically reversible apparatus ; and in 1982 he proposed a re-interpretation of Maxwell's demon, attributing its inability to break the second law to the thermodynamic cost of destroying, rather than acquiring, information.

The teams work closely with the Lotus, Information Management, Rational, and WebSphere brands in IBM's Software Group.

It was intended to be the next generation of collaboration software that would work with IBM's Java EE-based WebSphere Portal server software.

Within a short time, thousands of IBM employees had added the words TEAMOS2 to their internet phone directory listing, which enabled anyone within IBM to find like-minded OS / 2 enthusiasts within the company and work together to overcome the challenges posed by IBM's size, insularity, and top-down marketing style.

Detractors of the deal noted that buying Compaq was a " distraction " that would not directly help HP take on IBM's breadth or Dell Computer's direct sales model.

In large machines there were other disk operating systems, such as IBM's VM, DEC's RSTS / RT-11 / VMS / TOPS-10 / TWENEX, MIT's ITS / CTSS, Control Data's assorted NOS variants, Harris's Vulcan, Bell Labs ' Unix, and so on.

Only Larry Ellison's Oracle started from a different chain, based on IBM's papers on System R, and beat IBM to market when the first version was released in 1978.

* Character Data Representation Architecture ( CDRA ) from IBM Contains IBM's official information on codepages and charsets.

EISA extends the AT bus, which the Gang of Nine retroactively renamed to the ISA bus to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC / AT computer, to 32 bits and allows more than one CPU to share the bus.

Dorothy might have believed that the company could not deliver CP / M-86 on IBM's proposed schedule, as the company was busy developing an implementation of the PL / I programming language for Data General.

In 1939, development began at IBM's Endicott laboratories on the Harvard Mark I.

In 1988, the Gang of Nine IBM PC compatible manufacturers put forth the 32-bit EISA standard and in the process retroactively renamed the AT bus to " ISA " to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC / AT computer.

The agreement with Intel limited their use to IBM's own line of computers and upgrade boards only, so they were not available on the open market.

Itanium competed at the low-end ( primarily 4-CPU and smaller systems ) with servers based on x86 processors, and at the high end with IBM's POWER architecture and Sun Microsystems ' SPARC architecture.

Possibly his first documented influence on a US company was IBM's option on his patents in 1946.

Other MultiMate products included foreign language versions of the software ( i. e., " MultiTexto " in Spanish ), a hardware interface card for file-transfer with Wang systems and versions of MultiMate for different PC clone MS-DOS computers, and for use on Novell, 3COM and IBM's PC Token Ring networks.

* OS / 2 1. x targeted the 80286 processor: IBM insisted on supporting the Intel 80286 processor, with its 16-bit segmented memory mode, due to commitments made to customers who had purchased many 80286-based PS / 2's because of IBM's promises surrounding OS / 2.

OS / 2 failed to develop much penetration in the consumer and stand-alone desktop PC segments ; there were reports that it could not be installed properly on IBM's own Aptiva series of home PCs.

As a result of this transaction, Microsoft was able to secure a contract to supply the DOS that would eventually run on IBM's PC line.

* IBM's Power Architecture, used on many IBM's supercomputers, midrange servers and workstations

ParcPlace Systems tended to focus on the Unix / Sun Microsystems market, while Digitalk focused on Intel-based PCs running Microsoft Windows or IBM's OS / 2.

IBM's existing customers had a large investment in software that executed on second generation machines.

* National CSS -> VP / CSS ( ran on IBM 360 series ; originally based on IBM's CP / CMS

Since z / VSE 3. 1, Fibre Channel access to storage devices is supported, although only on IBM's Enterprise Storage Server ( ESS ) and its successors.

The Model 67 introduced a virtual memory architecture which was used by MTS, CP-67, and TSS / 360, but not by IBM's mainline System / 360 operating systems.

It had a full set of hardware and software components: a disk operating system included in a series of programmable read-only memory chips ( PROMs ); 8 Kilobytes of RAM ; IBM's Basic Assembly Language ( BAL ); a hard drive ; a color display ; a printer output ; a 150 bit / s serial interface for connecting to a mainframe ; and even the world's first microcomputer front panel.

One very significant change was the introduction of virtual memory, which was first made generally available in 1972 via IBM's " System / 370 Advanced Function " announcement.

Although both the consumer desktop and the workstation benefit from CPUs designed around the multicore concept ( essentially, multiple processors on a die, the application of which IBM's POWER4 was a pioneer ), modern workstations typically use multiple multicore CPUs, error correcting memory and much larger on-die caches than those found on " consumer-level " CPUs.

Sperry got the rights to " clone " the 360 as settlement of a lawsuit concerning IBM's infringement of Remington Rand's core memory patents.

VM / 370 was a reimplementation of CP / CMS, and was made available in 1972 as part of IBM's " System / 370 Advanced Function " announcement ( which added virtual memory hardware and operating systems to the System / 370 series ).

IBM's decision to implement virtualization and virtual memory features in the subsequent S / 370 design ( although missing from the initial S / 370 series ) reflects, at least in part, the success of the CP / CMS approach.

IBM's Millipede memory is attempting to commercialize a system at 1 Tbit / in² in 2007 ( 800 Gbit / in² was demonstrated in 2005 ).

He is regarded as IBM's leading expert on symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) system structures, cache / memory hierarchies and system bus protocols.

It added more memory keys for secure memory partition, a feature taken from IBM's mainframe processors.

IBM's 31-bit addressing supports expanded storage, allowing 31-bit code to make use of additional memory.

The 90 / 60 series was an enhanced workalike to the 360, as it included special features which were not available on IBM hardware until later in the System 370 series, including virtual memory, demand paging of applications, and good support for terminal-based users ( IBM's offerings on 360 mainframes provided weak support for interactive computing ).