Well known DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.

Some general-purpose DBMSs, like Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and IBM DB2, have been undergoing upgrades for thirty years or more.

They are typically the employees of a DBMS vendor ( e. g., Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, Sybase ), or, in the case of Open source DBMSs ( e. g., MySQL ), volunteers or people supported by interested companies and organizations.

It was also licensed to IBM by Microsoft, and marketed by them as PC-DOS.

Currently the most widely used hierarchical databases are IMS developed by IBM and Windows Registry by Microsoft.

* Installable File System ( IFS ) – a filesystem API for IBM OS / 2 and Microsoft Windows NT

IBM veterans from the PC project disputed the book's description of events, and Microsoft described it as " one-sided and inaccurate.

It is compatible with Microsoft / IBM BASICA, but was disk based and did not need the ROM BASIC.

It was bundled with MS-DOS operating systems on IBM PC compatibles by Microsoft.

In 1983, Microsoft announced the development of Windows, a graphical user interface ( GUI ) for its own operating system ( MS-DOS ), which had shipped for IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981.

During the mid to late 1980s, Microsoft and IBM had cooperatively been developing OS / 2 as a successor to DOS.

By the early 1990s, conflicts developed in the Microsoft / IBM relationship.

Microsoft wanted to further develop Windows, while IBM desired for future work to be based on OS / 2.

In an attempt to resolve this tension, IBM and Microsoft agreed that IBM would develop OS / 2 2. 0, to replace OS / 2 1. 3 and Windows 3. 0, while Microsoft would develop a new operating system, OS / 2 3. 0, to later succeed OS / 2 2. 0.

This agreement soon however fell apart, and the Microsoft / IBM relationship was terminated.

IBM continued to develop OS / 2, while Microsoft changed the name of its ( as yet unreleased ) OS / 2 3. 0 to Windows NT.

Even though the 3. 1x series still lacked most of the important features of OS / 2, such as long file names, a desktop, or protection of the system against misbehaving applications, Microsoft quickly took over the OS and GUI markets for the IBM PC.

IBM later introduced OS / 2 into the United States v. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft's part.

Even though Microsoft released a cheap version of Adventure with its initial version of MS-DOS 1. 0 for IBM PCs, Zork I was still a popular seller for the PC, thanks to the superior quality of its writing and packaging.

It was arguably responsible for the split between Microsoft and IBM, since IBM insisted that OS / 2, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 ( and in text mode ).

The companies parted ways, and IBM took over all of subsequent development.

All these operating systems usually coexist on the same physical hardware since IBM mainframes feature multiple ways of partitioning, to handle mixed workloads.

IBM was looking for ways to improve performance of its existing machines, with project team members studying traces of programs running on System / 370 mainframes and looking at the compiler code.

The IBM 1620 used in the 1710 system was modified in several ways, the most obvious was the addition of a very primitive hardware interrupt mechanism.

Recently, IBM has been exploring ways to distribute computing power more efficiently by mimicking the distributional properties of the human brain.

The IBM 700 / 7000 series had six completely different ways of storing data and instructions:

In the early 1980s, users of IBM PC compatible computers began to experiment with ways of forming simple pictures and designs using only the 255 characters within the Extended ASCII character set, specifically known as code page 437, created by IBM.

In the mid to late 1960s British Railways ( subsequently rebranded British Rail ) was searching around for ways to increase efficiency, and came across the TOPS system in a 1968 presentation by an IBM US Transportation Industry Representative who shortly after formed IBM World Trade Corp's Transportation Industry Centre in Brussels ( E. Wrathall ).

Outgoing IBM chairman and CEO John Fellows Akers, as an IBM lifer, was excessively immersed in its corporate culture and loyalty to traditional ways which masked the threats to the company.

invited Blair to visit their Reservisor system and look for ways that IBM could improve the system.

SDS was one of the first companies to offer a machine intended as an alternative to the IBM System / 360 ; although not compatible with the 360, it used similar data formats, the EBCDIC character code, and in other ways, such as its use of multiple registers rather than an accumulator, it was designed to have specifications that were comparable to those of the 360.

The PC-98 is different from the IBM PC in many ways ; for instance, it uses its own 16 bit C-Bus instead of the ISA bus ; BIOS, I / O port addressing, memory management, and graphics output are also different.

Watson and Aiken decided to go their separate ways, and IBM began work on a project to build their own larger and more visible machine.

This time, IBM submitted a candidate which was deemed acceptable — a cipher developed during the period 1973 – 1974 based on an earlier algorithm, Horst Feistel's Lucifer cipher.

* 1988 — Barry Devlin and Paul Murphy publish the article An architecture for a business and information system in IBM Systems Journal where they introduce the term " business data warehouse ".

Forth is so named because in 1968 " the file holding the interpreter was labeled FOURTH, for 4th ( next ) generation software — but the IBM 1130 operating system restricted file names to 5 characters.

With the Z-machine, Infocom was able to release most of their games for most popular home computers of the day simultaneously — the Apple II family, Atari 800, IBM PC compatibles, Amstrad CPC / PCW ( one disc worked on both machines ), Commodore 64, Commodore Plus / 4, Commodore 128, Kaypro CP / M, Texas Instruments TI-99 / 4A, the Mac, Atari ST, the Commodore Amiga and the Radio Shack TRS-80.

Dalakas ( 2006 ) suggested that a chain of events causes IBM — some sort of virus, likely a retrovirus, triggers the cloning of T cells.

There have been a handful of IBM cases — about 15 or so — that have shown clear evidence of a virus called HTLV-1.

The results are mainly for IBM and others known as the BUNCH — Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, CDC, and Honeywell.

* Optical Lithography Introduction — IBM site with lithography-related articles

Some RISC processors such as the PowerPC have instruction sets as large as, say, the CISC IBM System / 370 ; and conversely, the DEC PDP-8 — clearly a CISC CPU because many of its instructions involve multiple memory accesses — has only 8 basic instructions, plus a few extended instructions.

( The Model 20 was suited for smaller businesses — yet it had the IBM name and salesforce.

In 1979, IBM introduced TPF as a replacement for ACP — and as a priced software product.

Consequently an IBM mainframe with Linux on zSeries is marketed as being more of an open system than commodity computers using closed-source Microsoft Windows — or even those using Unix, despite its open systems heritage.

Initially named CATI ( Conception Assistée Tridimensionnelle Interactive — French for Interactive Aided Three-dimensional Design ) — it was renamed CATIA in 1981, when Dassault created a subsidiary to develop and sell the software, and signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement with IBM.

* IBM System Object Model SOM and DSOM — component systems from IBM used in OS / 2 and AIX

As the market evolved, however, despite the failure of MCA, IBM derived a considerable income from license fees from companies who paid for licenses to use IBM patents that were in the PC design — to the extent that IBM's emphasis changed from discouraging PC clones to maximizing its revenue from license sales.

( It later emerged that differential cryptanalysis was already known — and kept a secret — by both IBM and the NSA.

One of the PPs was in overall control of the machine, including control of the program running on the main CPU, while the others would be dedicated to various I / O tasks — quite similarly to I / O channels in IBM mainframes of the time.

Lou Mannheim as an archetype old man mentor, says early in the film, that " good things sometimes take time ", referring to IBM and Hilton — in contrast, Gekko's " Greed is Good " credo typifies the short-term view prevalent in the 1980s.

After IBM's competitor Control Data Corporation ( CDC ) released their computer, IBM announced they planned to sell a more advanced computer soon — its System / 360 Model 91.