* 1944 – IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ( known best as the Harvard Mark I ).

However, poor marketing and failure to repeat the technological advances of the first systems meant that the Amiga quickly lost its market share to competing platforms, such as the fourth generation game consoles, Apple Macintosh and IBM PC compatibles.

AIX was the first operating system to utilize journaling file systems, and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features like processor, disk and network virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation ( including fractional processor units ), and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs.

AIX PS / 2, first released in 1989, ran on IBM PS / 2 personal computers with Intel 386 and compatible processors.

The first model looked like the later IBM PC ( which came on the market years later ), a rectangular base unit with two floppy drives on the front, and a monitor on top with a separate detachable keyboard.

A few years later, in 1981, IBM introduced the first DOS based IBM PC, and due to the overwhelming popularity of PCs and their clones, DOS soon became the operating system on which the majority of BBS programs were run.

The first commercially sold disk drive, the IBM 350, had 50 ( not 32 or 64 ) physical disk " platters " containing a total of 50, 000 sectors of 100 characters each, for a total quoted capacity of " 5 million characters.

The first ( retroactively ) RISC-labeled processor ( IBM 801-IBMs Watson Research Center, mid-1970s ) was a tightly pipelined simple machine originally intended to be used as an internal microcode kernel, or engine, in CISC designs, but also became the processor that introduced the RISC idea to a somewhat larger public.

The first highly ( or tightly ) pipelined x86 implementations, the 486 designs from Intel, AMD, Cyrix, and IBM, supported every instruction that their predecessors did, but achieved maximum efficiency only on a fairly simple x86 subset that was only a little more than a typical RISC instruction set ( i. e. without typical RISC load-store limitations ).

Compaq produced some of the first IBM PC compatible computers, being the first company to legally reverse-engineer IBM Personal Computer.

Compaq PortableIn November 1982 Compaq announced their first product, the Compaq Portable, a portable IBM PC compatible personal computer.

When Compaq introduced the first PC based on Intel's new 80386 microprocessor, the Compaq Deskpro 386, in 1986, it marked the first CPU change to the PC platform that was not initiated by IBM.

This technical leadership and the rivalry with IBM was emphasized when the Systempro server was launched in late 1989-this was a true server product with standard support for a second CPU and RAID, but also the first product to feature the EISA bus, designed in reaction to IBM's MCA ( MicroChannel Architecture ).

In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom.

Only Larry Ellison's Oracle started from a different chain, based on IBM's papers on System R, and beat IBM to market when the first version was released in 1978.

This model is recognized as the first database model created by IBM in the 1960s.

In 1981 the first IBM PC was introduced, with MS-DOS operating system.

* 1996 – The IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov for the first time.

Other uses of Forth include the Open Firmware boot ROMs used by Apple, IBM, Sun, and OLPC XO-1 ; and the FICL-based first stage boot controller of the FreeBSD operating system.

The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC, was approximately the size of two refrigerators and stored 5 million 6-bit characters ( the equivalent of 3. 75 million 8-bit bytes ) on a stack of 50 discs.

Sierra On-Line was contacted by IBM in 1983 to create a game for its new PCjr.

When IBM contacted other companies to obtain components for the IBM PC, the as-yet unreleased CP / M-86 was its first choice for an operating system because CP / M had the most applications at the time.

In 1974-1976 IBM had contacted the Soviet authorities and expressed interest in ES EVM development ; however, after the Soviet Army entered Afghanistan, in 1979, all contacts between IBM and ES developers were interrupted, due to the US embargo on technological cooperation with the USSR.

While they were in fact contacted by IBM lawyers, they were allowed to continue using the name, provided the letters were always in lowercase.

Well known DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.

Some general-purpose DBMSs, like Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and IBM DB2, have been undergoing upgrades for thirty years or more.

They are typically the employees of a DBMS vendor ( e. g., Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, Sybase ), or, in the case of Open source DBMSs ( e. g., MySQL ), volunteers or people supported by interested companies and organizations.

It was also licensed to IBM by Microsoft, and marketed by them as PC-DOS.

Currently the most widely used hierarchical databases are IMS developed by IBM and Windows Registry by Microsoft.

* Installable File System ( IFS ) – a filesystem API for IBM OS / 2 and Microsoft Windows NT

IBM veterans from the PC project disputed the book's description of events, and Microsoft described it as " one-sided and inaccurate.

It is compatible with Microsoft / IBM BASICA, but was disk based and did not need the ROM BASIC.

It was bundled with MS-DOS operating systems on IBM PC compatibles by Microsoft.

In 1983, Microsoft announced the development of Windows, a graphical user interface ( GUI ) for its own operating system ( MS-DOS ), which had shipped for IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981.

During the mid to late 1980s, Microsoft and IBM had cooperatively been developing OS / 2 as a successor to DOS.

By the early 1990s, conflicts developed in the Microsoft / IBM relationship.

Microsoft wanted to further develop Windows, while IBM desired for future work to be based on OS / 2.

In an attempt to resolve this tension, IBM and Microsoft agreed that IBM would develop OS / 2 2. 0, to replace OS / 2 1. 3 and Windows 3. 0, while Microsoft would develop a new operating system, OS / 2 3. 0, to later succeed OS / 2 2. 0.

This agreement soon however fell apart, and the Microsoft / IBM relationship was terminated.

IBM continued to develop OS / 2, while Microsoft changed the name of its ( as yet unreleased ) OS / 2 3. 0 to Windows NT.

Even though the 3. 1x series still lacked most of the important features of OS / 2, such as long file names, a desktop, or protection of the system against misbehaving applications, Microsoft quickly took over the OS and GUI markets for the IBM PC.

IBM later introduced OS / 2 into the United States v. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft's part.

Even though Microsoft released a cheap version of Adventure with its initial version of MS-DOS 1. 0 for IBM PCs, Zork I was still a popular seller for the PC, thanks to the superior quality of its writing and packaging.

It was arguably responsible for the split between Microsoft and IBM, since IBM insisted that OS / 2, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 ( and in text mode ).