* Ibn al-Tammar ( seemingly being abu Bakr Husain al-Tammar, according to Kraus ) was a physician who had some disputes with Razi, as documented by Abu Hatim al-Razi in A ' lam al-Nubuwwah.

Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to reasoning, which Ibn Hazm ( 994-1064 ) disagreed with, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a real sense and analogical reasoning in a metaphorical sense.

On the other hand, al-Ghazali ( also known as " Algazel " in Europe ), who often disagreed with Aristotle and Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) on many issues, argued that animals do possess anger as one of the three " powers " in their Qalb (" heart "), the other two being appetite and impulse.

Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to inductive reasoning, which Ibn Hazm ( 994-1064 ) disagreed with, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a real sense and analogical reasoning in a metaphorical sense.

Ibn al-Haytham disagreed with this definition and demonstrated that place ( al-makan ) is the imagined ( three-dimensional ) void ( al-khala ' al-mutakhayyal ) between the inner surfaces of the containing body.

Some Islamic scholars argued that qiyas refers to inductive reasoning, which Ibn Hazm ( 994-1064 ) disagreed with, arguing that qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a real sense and analogical reasoning in a metaphorical sense.

Experimentally Ibn al-Shatir employed careful eclipse observations to measure the apparent size of the Sun and Moon and found that they disagreed with Ptolemaic expectations.

The Middle Ages have known many arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature with authors like Ahmad al-Buni and Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.

( The only critical edition of Ibn Sina's autobiography, supplemented with material from a biography by his student Abu ' Ubayd al-Juzjani.

Ibn Yunus observed more than 10, 000 entries for the sun's position for many years using a large astrolabe with a diameter of nearly 1. 4 metres.

) Ibn Yasin's initial meetings with the Gudala people went poorly.

They may have dealt with the security of his kingdom from the ongoing attacks of the Ibn Mugait brothers.

Omari came from Asir Province, a poor region in southwestern Saudi Arabia that borders Yemen, and graduated with honours from high school, attained a degree from the Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, was married, and had a daughter.

An interesting memoir of Abdallatif, written by himself, has been preserved with additions by Ibn Abu-Osaiba ( Ibn Abi Usaibia ), a contemporary.

At first, he sought an understanding with the Abbasids, but when they refused his terms and demanded his submission, Ibn Habib broke openly with the Abbasids and invited the remnants of the Umayyad dynasty to take refuge in his dominions.

His later life was spent in various parts of the Islamic world, in Aleppo with its governor Sayf ad-Dawlah ( to whom he dedicated the Book of Songs ), in Ray with the Buwayhid vizier Ibn ' Abbad, and elsewhere.

In the 9th or 10th century, Yehuda Ibn Quraysh compared the phonology and morphology of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic, but attributed this resemblance to the Biblical story of Babel, with Abraham, Isaac and Joseph retaining Adam's language, with other languages at various removes becoming more altered from the original Hebrew.

He was followed by Ibn al-Nafis and Hegel with their philosophy of history, and, some such as the author Albert Camus in ' The Rebel ' and J. G.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

During the middle ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail.

For Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), for example, the a tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

* 1945 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt meets with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia aboard the USS Quincy, officially starting the U. S .- Saudi diplomatic relationship.

A strong emphasis on experimentation and empiricism led to new results and new observations, which were contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi ( Haly Abbas ), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulasis ), Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Zuhr and Ibn al-Nafis.

Arabic grammar emerged from the 8th century with the work of Ibn Abi Ishaq and his students.

Ibn Barun in the 12th century compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition.

Ibn Abi Sadiq also wrote a commentary on the Prognostics of Hippocrates, on Galen's treatise On the Usefulness of the Parts, and on Razi's treatise Doubts about Galen ( Shukuk ‘ alá Jalinus ).

He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.

For centuries his book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century extracts were published in German and English based on manuscripts discovered in the Middle East, containing abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text.

* Hangzhou — Ibn Battuta referred to this city in his book as " Madinat Alkhansa " مدينة الخنساء.

According to Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, in his book " The Two Faces of Islam ", “ some say that during this vagabondage Ibn Abdul Wahhab came into contact with certain Englishmen who encouraged him to personal ambition as well as to a critical attitude about Islam .” Specifically, Mir ’ at al Harramin, a Turkish work by Ayyub Sabri Pasha, written in 1888, states that in Basra, Abdul Wahhab had come into contact with a British spy by the name of Hempher, who “ inspired in him the tricks and lies that he had learned from the British Ministry of the Commonwealth .”

Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya also mentions the merits of vinegar in his book, Al Tibb al Nabawi ( The Prophetic Medicine ).

His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Ibn al-Haytham, and includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, anatomy, pharmacology, geography, optics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc.

Ibn Sirin ( 654 – 728 ) was renowned for his Ta ' bir al-Ru ' ya and Muntakhab al-Kalam fi Tabir al-Ahlam, a book on dreams.

In a translation of an ancient Nabataean text by Kuthami the Babylonian, Ibn Wahshiyya ( c. 9th-10th century AD ), adds information on his own efforts to ascertain the identity of Tammuz, and his discovery of the full details of the legend of Tammuz in another Nabataean book: " How he summoned the king to worship the seven ( planets ) and the twelve ( signs ) and how the king put him to death several times in a cruel manner Tammuz coming to life again after each time, until at last he died ; and behold!

The Sufi teacher Ibn Arabi's book Journey to the Lord of Power ( Risālat al-Anwār ) is a guide to the inner journey that was published over 700 years ago.

Ibn Ezra also wrote a commentary on the book of Ecclesiastes.

Ibn Ezra composed his first book on astrology in Italy, before his move to France:

In seven books written in Béziers in 1147 – 1148 Ibn Ezra then composed a systematic presentation of astrology, starting with an introduction and a book on general principles, and then five books on particular branches of the subject.

This book is Ibn Sina ’ s major work on science and philosophy.

Mona Nasser Aida Tibi and Emilie Savage-Smith note: " The enduring respect in the 21st century for a book written a millennium earlier is testimony to Ibn Sina's achievement.

Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) is considered the father of modern medicine, for his introduction of experimental medicine and clinical trials, the experimental use and testing of drugs, and a precise guide for practical experimentation in the process of discovering and proving the effectiveness of medical substances, in his medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine ( 11th century ), which was the first book dealing with experimental medicine.

Ibn al-Nafis described his book Theologus Autodidactus as a defense of " the system of Islam and the Muslims ' doctrines on the missions of Prophets, the religious laws, the resurrection of the body, and the transitoriness of the world.

( from book of prophets stories for Ibn Kathiir ).

" Ibn Rushd's book, The Incoherence of the Incoherence, attempted to refute Al-Ghazali's views.

Ibn Killis then informed Al-Muizz it was written in " the book of the Nazarenes " ( meaning the New Testament ) that, " If you have faith as a mustard seed, you will say to the mountain move from here to there, and it will move " ( Matt.

# Ibn Bibi, the writer of the history book, Al-Awamir al -' Alaiyah, written during the era of ' Ala ad-din KayGhobad

# The Arab historian Ibn Athir remarks in his book, Al-Kamil, that, " If we name it the Quran of ' Ajam, we have not said something in vain.

Ibn ‘ Arabī learned the recitation of the Qur ' an from the book of Al-Kafi in the seven different Qira ' at.

Stephen Hartenstein writes in his book Unlimited Mercifier: “ It is from his return from Tunis, we find the first evidence of Ibn ‘ Arabī beginning to write ; later in 1194, he wrote one of his first major works, Mashāhid al-Asrār al-Qudusiyya ( Contemplation of the Holy Mysteries ) for the companions of al-Mahdawī and perhaps around the same time, in a space of four days, also composed the voluminous Tadbīrāt al-Ilāhiyya ( Divine Governance ) in Mawrūr for Shaykh Abū Muḥammad al-Mawrūrī .” ( Hirtenstein 91 )

He said to Ibn ‘ Arabī, " You should circumambulate in my footstep and observe me in the light of my moon, so that you may take from my constitution that which you write in your book and transmit to your readers.