If in any one calculation Ptolemy had had to invoke 83 epicycles all at once, while Copernicus never required more than one third this number, then ( in the sense obvious to Margenau ) Ptolemaic astronomy would be simpler than Copernican.

If your state has no provisions for the numbering of pleasure boats, you must apply for a number from the U.S. Coast Guard for any kind of boat with mechanical propulsion rated at more than 10 horsepower before it can be used on Federal waterways.

If a nation wished to get a head start in physical fitness over all other nations, it would start its kindergarten students on a program of gymnastics the day they entered and thus eliminate a large number of the problems that plague American schools.

If no specific organization plan exists limiting the number of scientists at each salary level, the result is a department top-heavy with high-level, high-salaried personnel ''.

If we thus spent our very first day in the midst of a large number of your people honoring a new hero and a great national achievement, our last day, to us at least, was equally impressive and very moving, even though the crowds were absent and there was almost complete silence.

If a wedge-shaped coating of increasing thickness is removed from a substrate by an instrument like the Hesiometer with a knife of constant rake angle, a number of removal mechanisms are often observed which depend upon the thickness of the coating.

If all the operating variables were varied simultaneously, Af operations would be required to do the same job, and as R increases this increases very much more rapidly than the number of operations required by the dynamic program.

If Rock shows up during the number -- or you hear anything -- give me the signal ''.

If one takes the middle number, 5, and multiplies it by 3 ( the base number of the magic square of three ), the result is 15, which is also the constant sum of all the rows, columns, and two main diagonals.

If so, it might be worth while to assign a future jazz show to a different department -- one with enough confidence in the musical material to cut down on the number of performers and give them a little room to display their talents.

* If it is required to use a single number X as an estimate for the value of numbers, then the arithmetic mean does this best, in the sense of minimizing the sum of squares ( x < sub > i </ sub > − X )< sup > 2 </ sup > of the residuals.

If its minimal polynomial has degree, then the algebraic number is said to be of degree.

If K is a number field, its ring of integers is the subring of algebraic integers in K, and is frequently denoted as O < sub > K </ sub >.

* Let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T. A step region is formed from a finite union of adjacent rectangles resting on a common base, i. e. S ⊆ Q ⊆ T. If there is a unique number c such that a ( S ) ≤ c ≤ a ( T ) for all such step regions S and T, then a ( Q )

If a description of s, d ( s ), is of minimal length ( i. e. it uses the fewest number of characters ), it is called a minimal description of s. Thus, the length of d ( s ) ( i. e. the number of characters in the description ) is the Kolmogorov complexity of s, written K ( s ).

If a ) testimonies conflict one another, b ) there are a small number of witnesses, c ) the speaker has no integrity, d ) the speaker is overly hesitant or bold, or e ) the speaker is known to have motives for lying, then the epistemologist has reason to be skeptical of the speaker's claims.

If we take in our hand any volume ; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance ; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number?

If a is algebraic over K, then K, the set of all polynomials in a with coefficients in K, is not only a ring but a field: an algebraic extension of K which has finite degree over K. In the special case where K = Q is the field of rational numbers, Q is an example of an algebraic number field.

If the two carbon atoms at the double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms, the halogen is found preferentially at the carbon with fewer hydrogen substituents ( Markovnikov's rule ).

If F is an antiderivative of f, and the function f is defined on some interval, then every other antiderivative G of f differs from F by a constant: there exists a number C such that G ( x ) = F ( x ) + C for all x.

If there is no number to its left, simply look at the column headed " 1 " in the previous row.

If the game has been scored correctly, the total number of plate appearances for a team should equal the total of that team's runs, men left on base, and men put out.

If the other player also knows to offer sacrifices, the expert also has to manipulate the number of available sacrifices through earlier play.

If the limit exists, meaning that there is a way of choosing a value for Q ( 0 ) that makes the graph of Q a continuous function, then the function f is differentiable at a, and its derivative at a equals Q ( 0 ).

# If equals are added to equals, then the wholes are equal.

# If equals are subtracted from equals, then the remainders are equal.

If, the angle 2θ between the asymptotes equals 90 ° and the hyperbola is said to be rectangular or equilateral.

: If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or anything else in England or in Wales, without the lawful judgement of their equals, these are at once to be returned to them.

If the voltage to be sensed, E < sub > i </ sub >, is applied to op amp's (+) input, the result is a noninverting positive-level detector: when E < sub > i </ sub > is above V < sub > ref </ sub >, V < sub > O </ sub > equals + V < sub > sat </ sub >; when E < sub > i </ sub > is below V < sub > ref </ sub >, V < sub > O </ sub > equals − V < sub > sat </ sub >.

If E < sub > i </ sub > is applied to the inverting input, the circuit is an inverting positive-level detector: When E < sub > i </ sub > is above V < sub > ref </ sub >, V < sub > O </ sub > equals − V < sub > sat </ sub >.

If the firm decides to operate, the firm will continue to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs because these conditions insure not only profit maximization ( loss minimization ) but also maximum contribution.

If we want to retrieve every Invoice for a particular Order, we can query for all orders where < u > Order No </ u > in the Order relation equals the < u > Order No </ u > in OrderInvoice, and where < u > Invoice No </ u > in OrderInvoice equals the < u > Invoice No </ u > in Invoice.

If s is the length of the path traveled until time t, the speed equals the time derivative of s:

If scatterers are arranged symmetrically with a separation d, these spherical waves will be in sync ( add constructively ) only in directions where their path-length difference 2d sin θ equals an integer multiple of the wavelength λ.

If they are identical mirrors, their radius of curvature, R < sub > mirror </ sub >, equals L, where L is the distance between the mirrors.

If is rotated by radians with respect to and the x amplitude equals the y amplitude the wave is circularly polarized.

If f is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to d, then the Taylor polynomial of degree d equals f.

If it is not, then it can be completed: one can find an essentially unique complete topological ring S which contains R as a dense subring such that the given topology on R equals the subspace topology arising from S.

If you add up all the potential two-person groups, three-person groups, and so on that those members could form, the number of possible groups equals 2 < sup > n </ sup >.

If one considers the matrix as a linear transformation from R < sup > n </ sup > to R < sup > m </ sup >, then the column space of the matrix equals the image of this linear transformation.

If all elements to be sorted are distinct, the expected number of comparisons in the average case is asymptotically equivalent to, and the expected number of swaps in the average case equals.

If the trend rate of growth of money wages equals zero, then the case where U equals U * implies that gW equals expected inflation.