If the photons reside mainly in the higher index material, the confinement is due to total internal reflection.

If light ( photons ) of frequency ν < sub > 12 </ sub > pass through the group of atoms, there is a possibility of the light being absorbed by atoms which are in the ground state, which will cause them to be excited to the higher energy state.

If the number of photons being amplified per unit time is greater than the number of photons being absorbed, then the net result is a continuously increasing number of photons being produced ; the laser medium is said to have a gain of greater than unity.

If the ground state has a higher population than the excited state ( N < sub > 1 </ sub > > N < sub > 2 </ sub >), the process of absorption dominates and there is a net attenuation of photons.

If we imagine the beam is made of photons, then every second numerous photons strike the surface and are absorbed.

If the light were totally reflected then the radiation pressure is doubled compared to total absorption, this is because the photons arrive with momentum E / c and depart with momentum-E / c ( the-ve sign indicates traveling in the opposite direction ), so the change of momentum is 2E / c.

If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.

If the bandgap is too high, most daylight photons cannot be absorbed ; if it is too low, then most photons have much more energy than necessary to excite electrons across the bandgap, and the rest is wasted.

Prior to any measurements being made, the polarizations of the photons are indeterminate ; If a measurement is made on one of the photons using a two-channel polarizer aligned with the axes of the coordinate system, the photon assumes either horizontal or vertical polarization, with 50 % probability for each orientation, and the other two photons immediately assume the identical polarization.

If the photons are formed by the collision of a particle and an antiparticle, the invariant mass is the same as the total energy of the particle and antiparticle ( their rest energy plus the kinetic energy ), in the center of mass frame, where they will automatically be moving in equal and opposite directions ( since they have equal momentum in this frame ).

If the photons are formed by the disintegration of a single particle with a well-defined rest mass, like the neutral pion, the invariant mass of the photons is equal to rest mass of the pion.

If the Universe is dominated by radiation, or by dark energy, though, those potentials do evolve, subtly changing the energy of photons passing through them.

If their main purpose is radiation measurement, they are called radiation detectors, but as photons are also ( massless ) particles, the term particle detector is still correct.

If this is the case, some or all of the photons emitted by the fluorophore may be absorbed again.

If a Dp-brane is embedded in a spacetime of d spatial dimensions, the brane carries ( in addition to its Maxwell field ) a set of d-p massless scalars ( particles which do not have polarizations like the photons making up light ).

If the optical filter passed only that frequency band, then there would be a net transfer of photons, and their energy, from the second system to the first.

If this were true however, the radiometer would spin away from the non-black faces, since the photons bouncing off those faces impart even more momentum than the photons absorbed on the black faces.

If a work is divided into several large segments, a last-minute drawing of random numbers may determine the order of the segments for any particular performance.

If the resulting difference for the particular State is less or more than these extremes, the State's allotment percentage must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme.

If the resulting difference for the particular State is less or more than these extremes, the State's Federal share must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme.

If he is not told which of four or five readings was meant for him, he can more readily assess each item in a larger frame: `` Does that statement really sound as if it were for me, significant in my particular life??

If this particular quasar and our galaxy could be seen side by side at the same distance, the quasar would be 5 magnitudes ( or 100 times ) brighter than our galaxy.

If we take the simple valence bond structure and mix in all possible covalent and ionic structures arising from a particular set of atomic orbitals, we reach what is called the full configuration interaction wave function.

If there is one particular coordinate change that leads to a decrease in the total energy in both directions, the stationary point is a transition structure and the coordinate is the reaction coordinate.

In particular, the third anathema reads: " If anyone divides in the one Christ the hypostases after the union, joining them only by a conjunction of dignity or authority or power, and not rather by a coming together in a union by nature, let him be anathema.

If it is " observed " ( measured with a photon ) not at a particular slit but rather at the screen, then there is no " which path " information as part of the interaction, so the electron's " observed " position on the screen is determined strictly by its probability function.

If a particular object did not support a, it could be easily added in the module.

* If is the set of all cars, and is the equivalence relation " has the same color as ", then one particular equivalence class consists of all green cars.

If the firm is a perfect competitor in all input markets, and thus the per-unit prices of all its inputs are unaffected by how much of the inputs the firm purchases, then it can be shown that at a particular level of output, the firm has economies of scale if and only if it has increasing returns to scale, has diseconomies of scale if and only if it has decreasing returns to scale, and has neither economies nor diseconomies of scale if it has constant returns to scale.

If any player interferes with an eligible receiver's ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree ( largely depending upon the particular league's rules ).

If the DNA sequence at a particular locus varies between individuals, the different forms of this sequence are called alleles.

If a decision must be reached in a particular match ( e. g., in a tournament ) and it ends in a draw after regular time, there are at maximum two overtimes of 2 × 5 minutes with a 1-minute break each.

* Klal ufrat, a generality and a particularity: If we find a phrase signifying a particularity following that of a generality, the particularity particularises the generality and we only take that particular case into account.

If there is a crystallographic structure to the target, and especially in semiconductor substrates where the crystal structure is more open, particular crystallographic directions offer much lower stopping than other directions.

If a particular KR is inadequate in some way, that set of problematic KR elements may be transformed by importing them into a KBS, modified and operated on to eliminate the problematic elements or augmented with additional knowledge imported from other sources, and then exported into a different, more appropriate KR.

If a legislator logrolls, he initiates the trade of votes for one particular act or bill in order to secure votes on behalf of another act or bill.

If a particular rule A is considered inviolable, some force akin to static friction is regarded as maintaining the status quo, preventing movement in the direction of abrogating A.

If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance.

In 2001, David Wiley criticized learning object theory in his paper, The Reusability Paradox which is summarized by D ' Arcy Norman as, If a learning object is useful in a particular context, by definition it is not reusable in a different context.

If the positions of the two synchronized stations are known, then the position of the receiver can be determined as being somewhere on a particular hyperbolic curve where the time difference between the received signals is constant.

If an inability to sufficiently adjust to life circumstances begins within three months of a particular event or situation, and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated, it may instead be classed as an adjustment disorder.

If one has knowledge that a particular Mishnayot student is definitely bad then he may not be taught.