If one assumes that the average flux did not change between measurements, a mass-distribution curve is obtained which relates the flux of particles larger than a given radius to the inverse 7/2 power of the radius.

If elements in the sample space increase arithmetically, when placed in some order, then the median and arithmetic average are equal.

If one of the intervening states was a superpower, a civil war is extended a further 72 %; a conflict such as the Angolan Civil War, in which there is two-sided foreign intervention, including by a superpower ( actually, two superpowers in the case of Angola ), would be 538 % longer on average than a civil war without any international intervention.

If we insert vertices in random order, it turns out ( by a somewhat intricate proof ) that each insertion will flip, on average, only O ( 1 ) triangles – although sometimes it will flip many more.

If the outcomes x < sub > i </ sub > are not equiprobable, then the simple average ought to be replaced with the weighted average, which takes into account the fact that some outcomes are more likely than the others.

If called upon, the neighbouring amoeba midwife travels up to 200 μm towards the dividing amoeba, usually advancing in a straight trajectory with an average velocity of about 0. 5 μm / s.

If the parameter is the bull's-eye of a target, and the arrows are estimates, then a relatively high absolute value for the bias means the average position of the arrows is off-target, and a relatively low absolute bias means the average position of the arrows is on target.

If property really does double every seven years then, in 2009, the average Sydney home would have been worth $ 189, 530, 112. 00.

If the Flynn effect has ended in developed nations, then this may possibly allow national differences in IQ scores to diminish if the Flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national IQs.

If we compress data in a manner that assumes q ( X ) is the distribution underlying some data, when, in reality, p ( X ) is the correct distribution, the Kullback – Leibler divergence is the number of average additional bits per datum necessary for compression.

If Alice knows the true distribution p ( x ), while Bob believes ( has a prior ) that the distribution is q ( x ), then Bob will be more surprised than Alice, on average, upon seeing the value of X.

If a claims adjuster suspects under-insurance, the condition of average may come into play to limit the insurance company's exposure.

* If the price is between average total cost and average variable cost at the profit-maximizing output, then the firm is said to be in a loss-minimizing condition.

* If the price is below average variable cost at the profit-maximizing output, the firm should go into shutdown.

If for example the industry is large enough to support one company of minimum efficient scale then other companies entering the industry will operate at a size that is less than MES, meaning that these companies cannot produce at an average cost that is competitive with the dominant company.

If using efficient sorting such as mergesort or heapsort this is an O ( n log n ) average and worst-case algorithm.

If ΔW is the amount of work performed during a period of time of duration Δt, the average power P < sub > avg </ sub > over that period is given by the formula

If the length of the line is bounded, customers are being " processed " and output as rapidly, on average, as they are being inputted and that process is real-time.

If voters are explicitly allowed to abstain from rating certain candidates, as opposed to implicitly giving the lowest number of points to unrated candidates, then a candidate's score would be the average rating from voters who did rate this candidate.

If, the nanoparticle magnetization will flip several times during the measurement, then the measured magnetization will average to zero.

If the average speed and time of travel is known, distance traveled can be found by a rearrangement of the definition, leaving us with:

If Af is the change per unit volume in Gibbs function caused by the shear field at constant P and T, and **yr is the density of the fluid, then the total potential energy of the system above the reference height is Af.

# If adiabats and isotherms are graphed severally at regular changes of entropy and temperature, respectively ( like altitude on a contour map ), then as the eye moves towards the axes ( towards the south-west ), it sees the density of isotherms stay constant, but it sees the density of adiabats grow.

If the boat floats, the mass of the boat ( plus contents ) as a whole divided by the volume below the waterline is equal to the density of water ( 1 kg / l ).

If the universe is flat, there must be an additional component making up 73 % ( in addition to the 23 % dark matter and 4 % baryons ) of the energy density of the universe.

If the vector field represents the flow velocity of a moving fluid, then the curl is the circulation density of the fluid.

If the carriers are holes, replace electron density by the negative of the hole density.

If a probability distribution has a density function f ( x ), then the mean is

If the density of the chain is variable then the analysis above can be adapted to produce equations for the curve given the density, or given the curve to find the density.

If the body is not homogeneous, then the density is a function of the position.

If μ is an unknown constant and W is random noise with probability density, then has probability density and is therefore a location family ..

If the air density and temperature are the same above and below a wing, a naive application of the ideal gas law requires that the pressure also be the same.

If the fluid being measured is significantly dense, hydrostatic corrections may have to be made for the height between the moving surface of the manometer working fluid and the location where the pressure measurement is desired except when measuring differential pressure of a fluid ( for example across an orifice plate or venturi ), in which case the density ρ should be corrected by subtracting the density of the fluid being measured.

If the random variable is real-valued ( or more generally, if a total order is defined for its possible values ), the cumulative distribution function gives the probability that the random variable is no larger than a given value ; in the real-valued case it is the integral of the density.

If they had any significant level of non-organic parts then something as simple as an x-ray scan would show them not to be human ( unless their creators designed the non-organic parts to have almost exactly the same structure and density as the organic components they were replacing, which would be both infeasible and highly improbable but not completely out of the question ).

If the tip is moved across the sample in the x-y plane, the changes in surface height and density of states cause changes in current.

If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicularly to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic flux density B and the area A through which it cuts.

If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its rms voltage E < sub > rms </ sub > of the winding, and the supply frequency f, number of turns N, core cross-sectional area a and peak magnetic flux density B is given by the universal EMF equation:

If a substance's relative density is less than one then it is less dense than the reference ; if greater than 1 then it is denser than the reference.

If your principal place of abode for the tax year is outside the United States ( including Alaska and Hawaii ), Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands and you have no legal residence or principal place of business in any Internal Revenue district in the United States, you should file your return with the Office of International Operations, Internal Revenue Service, Washington 25, D.C..

If one characteristic distinguishes Boris Godunov, it is the consistency with which every person on the stage -- including the chorus -- comes alive in the music.

If Acorn had thought to include this small modification in the original Electron design it is likely the machine would have had a much greater impact as it would have nearly doubled the amount of motion possible in games and saved modes 0 – 3 ( including the only 16 colour mode ) from being nearly useless due to contended memory timings.

If each node additionally records the size of its subtree ( including itself and its descendants ), then the nodes can be retrieved by index in O ( log n ) time as well.

If we define the function f ( n ) = A ( n, n ), which increases both m and n at the same time, we have a function of one variable that dwarfs every primitive recursive function, including very fast-growing functions such as the exponential function, the factorial function, multi-and superfactorial functions, and even functions defined using Knuth's up-arrow notation ( except when the indexed up-arrow is used ).

* Blind author Tom Sullivan has written several inspirational books, including If You Could See What I Hear, about his life and accomplishments.

If a batter reaches first base because of offensive interference by a preceding runner ( including if a preceding runner is hit by a batted ball ), he is also credited with a hit.

If populations in Kenya are allowed to grow through the implementation of effective conservation, including strategic transfers, gene-loss can effectively be halted in this species and its future secured in the wild.

If the XML document depends on parsable external entities ( including the specified external subset, or parsable external entities declared in the internal subset ), it should assert in its XML declaration.

If it is excluded then Egypt's eastern-most point is the Ras Banas peninsula on the mainland or, including islands, Mukawwa ' Island

* Italo Calvino's novel If On a Winter's Night a Traveller deals extensively with the concepts surrounding false documents, including serially representing the contents of the novel itself as a false document.

If caught with a gun anywhere else severe penalties are in force, including arrest.

Among the forefathers of the new journalism movement, Thompson said in the February 15th, 1973 issue of Rolling Stone, " If I'd written the truth I knew for the past ten years, about 600 people — including me — would be rotting in prison cells from Rio to Seattle today.

If addressed, it may be through diplomacy and the consequences upon an offending state's reputation, submission to international judicial determination, arbitration, sanctions or force including war.

# If V is a set of symbols or characters then V * is the set of all strings over symbols in V, including the empty string.

Lewis Song " from the album Albertine, which is heavily indebted to Lewis's works, including the lyric " If I find in myself desires nothing in this world can satisfy / I can only conclude that I was not made for here.

If the President cannot attend meetings, including meetings of the Council of Ministers, he can ask the Prime Minister to attend in his stead ( Constitution, article 21 ).

If one rows with poor technique, especially rowing with a curved rather than straight back, other injuries may surface, including back pains.

Twain had further hits from the album, including the title track which peaked at No. 14 and three additional No. 1 hits: "( If You're Not in it for Love ) I'm Outta Here!

If a particular title of the United States Code is enacted into law, the enactment repeals all previous enactments on the subject ( including those found in the Statutes at Large ), thereby making that title of the United States Code " legal evidence " of the law in force.

If this caused a change in pagination — increasing the font size could change where the page breaks were — the software would update the screen quickly enough for the author to continue typing, including altering all of the cross-references that the author may have inserted ; this WYSIWYG capability was a competitive advantage for the company.

If we accept that " Bion introduced a new form of pedagogy in his writings ... the density and non-linearity of his prose ", it comes perhaps to a peak here in what he himself termed " a fictitious account of psychoanalysis including an artificially constructed dream ... science fiction ".

De Camp's most highly regarded works in the genre are his time travel and alternate history stories, including Lest Darkness Fall ( 1939 ), " The Wheels of If " ( 1940 ), " A Gun for Dinosaur " ( 1956 ), " Aristotle and the Gun " ( 1958 ), and The Glory That Was ( 1960 ) – in the last of which the " time travel " actually turns out to be a tour de force of historical recreation.