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Page "Stellar evolution" ¶ 33
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If and mass
If we neglect higher than first order terms in the fluctuations, the mass balance equation becomes
* Continuity: If a certain mass of fluid enters a volume, it must either exit the volume or change the mass inside the volume.
If the path of the particle or centre of mass of the rigid body passes through the given origin, its angular momentum is zero.
If we define r < sub > i </ sub > as the displacement of particle i from the center of mass, and v < sub > i </ sub > as the velocity of particle i with respect to the center of mass, then we have
If a small heater is available for the coldest nights, a slab or basement cistern can inexpensively provide the required thermal mass.
If the boat floats, the mass of the boat ( plus contents ) as a whole divided by the volume below the waterline is equal to the density of water ( 1 kg / l ).
If there are other stars orbiting a black hole, their orbit can be used to determine its mass and location.
If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.
If a main-sequence star is not too massive ( less than approximately 8 solar masses ), it will eventually shed enough mass to form a white dwarf having mass below the Chandrasekhar limit, which will consist of the former core of the star.
If is much smaller than, the mass ratio is almost identical to the mass fraction.
If this acceleration is multiplied by the particle mass, the leading term is the centripetal force and the negative of the second term related to angular acceleration is sometimes called the Euler force.
If one item in a package or stack initiates, it will usually propagate to the other items, creating a mass fire.
If we choose the shape of the control volume such that all flow in or out occurs perpendicular to its surface, then the flow of matter into the system performs work as if it were a piston of fluid pushing mass into the system, and the system performs work on the flow of matter out as if it were driving a piston of fluid.
If the primary variable is mass fraction (, given, for example, in ), then the equation changes to:
If disk galaxies merge with another galaxy of comparable mass ( at least 15 percent of its mass ) the merger will likely destroy, or at a minimum greatly disrupt the disk, yet the resulting galaxy is not expected to be a disk galaxy.

If and core
If the core becomes sufficiently dense, electron degeneracy pressure will play a significant part in stabilizing it against gravitational collapse.
* Nonlinearity: If the current through a ferromagnetic core coil is high enough that the magnetic core saturates, the inductance will not remain constant but will change with the current through the device.
If one wants to carry two different types of traffic between the same two routers, with different treatment by the core routers for each type, one has to establish a separate MPLS path for each type of traffic.
If the master plan is successful, many commuters will travel to work in a core area nearer their homes, and the downtown area's daytime population will decrease.
If a star's core becomes stagnant ( as is thought will be the case for the Sun ), it will still be surrounded by layers of hydrogen which the star may subsequently draw upon.
If the core of the star is not too massive ( less than approximately 1. 4 solar mass, taking into account mass loss that has occurred by this time ), it may then form a white dwarf ( possibly surrounded by a planetary nebula ) as described above for less massive stars, with the difference that the white dwarf is composed chiefly of oxygen, neon, and magnesium.
If the base is damaged, it is common to have it repaired in order to protect the core from exposure as well as reducing friction.
If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its rms voltage E < sub > rms </ sub > of the winding, and the supply frequency f, number of turns N, core cross-sectional area a and peak magnetic flux density B is given by the universal EMF equation:
If a red giant has insufficient mass to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon, around 1 billion K, an inert mass of carbon and oxygen will build up at its center.
If the mass of the progenitor is above 8 solar masses but below 10. 5 solar masses, the core temperature suffices to fuse carbon but not neon, in which case an oxygen-neon – magnesium white dwarf may be formed.
If approved, OpCo will have Enron's core assets, including 15, 000 miles of pipeline assets, 75, 000 miles of distribution assets, 6, 700 megawatts of generation, and 12, 000 employees.
If this is the case, the radius of the core ( 480 km ) is about 63 % of the radius of the moon, and its mass is around 54 % of the moon's massthe proportions are dictated by the moon's composition.
If the ice contains enough ammonia or other antifreeze, Oberon may possess a liquid ocean layer at the core – mantle boundary.
* If the bit was already 0, the physical state of the core is unaffected.
* If the bit was previously 1, then the core changes magnetic polarity.
If the French crown was to bestow or grant new lands to nobles, Philip declared, they would usually be given only from the second source: this was a double-edged announcement, at once reinforcing the core, unalienable powers of the crown, whilst also reassuring nobles that their lands were sacrosanct unless they were forfeited to the crown in punishment for a crime or misdemeanour.
If an external magnetic field is now applied, it will, at a given instance in time, aid the flux in one core half and oppose flux in the other.
If the thunderstorm activity becomes deep and persistent, allowing its initial low level warm core to deepen, tropical cyclogenesis is possible.
If the goal of the reduction strategy is to produce flakes, the remnant lithic core may be discarded once it has become too small to use.
If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs.

If and exceeds
If the hand value exceeds 21 points, it busts, and all bets on it are immediately forfeit.
If the ambient temperature exceeds T < sub > m </ sub >, the homologous pairing of the sticky ends would not be stable because the high temperature disrupts hydrogen bonding.
If the minibus exceeds 100 km / h, the beeping will turn into a sustained tone.
If the quantity of powder stored for personal use exceeds 75 kg, then a Propellant Magazine Licence ( Type P ) is required.
If the number of tricks exceeds the number of players, players who bid nil ( zero ) score 20 if they take no tricks, otherwise-10.
If the number of dies — the integrated circuits that will eventually become chips — etched on a wafer exceeds a failure threshold ( i. e. too many failed dies on one wafer ), the wafer is scrapped rather than investing in further processing.
If made very pure, tungsten retains its hardness ( which exceeds that of many steels ), and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily.
If the demand for power exceeds the supply, generation plants and transmission equipment can shut down which, in the worst cases, can lead to a major regional blackout, such as occurred in the US Northeast blackouts of 1965, 1977, 2003, and in 1996 and 2011.
If the sender does not receive an acknowledgment before the timeout, it usually re-transmits the frame / packet until the sender receives an acknowledgment or exceeds a predefined number of re-transmissions.
If the clearance from the nearest anticipated path position, over the expected range of Earth radius k-factor, exceeds 0. 6 of the first Fresnel zone radius, the feature is not normally considered an obstruction.
If the pressure exceeds design limits, the plug pops out to depressurize the pot.
If actual spending for a given year exceeds the spending target for that year, reimbursement rates are adjusted downward by decreasing the Conversion Factor ( CF ) for RBRVS RVUs.
If the energy absorbed exceeds this potential, then the electron is emitted as a free electron.
Recently, it has been suggested that patients be screened for iron overload using serum ferritin as a marker: If serum ferritin exceeds 1000 ng / mL, iron overload is very likely the cause.
If liability exceeds assets, negative equity exists.
If a population exceeds the size outlined by its cognitive limitations, the group undergoes a schism.
If their combined mass exceeds the Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit then the two will collapse into a black hole, resulting in a supernova that disperses the outer layers of the star.
If the thermal resistance of the fluid / sphere interface exceeds that thermal resistance offered by the interior of the metal sphere, the Biot number will be less than one.
If the number of errors within a code word exceeds the error-correcting code's capability, it fails to recover the original code word.
If the pressure exceeds the limit of the safety valve, water in the form of gas is lost.
If the POSITIVE balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply.
If a train crew's route, or tour of duty, exceeds a single shift, or is in conflict with any rules pertaining to a legal or contractual limit to the number of hours that can be worked, more than one crew may be assigned, each with its own conductor, while onboard service crew members aboard passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run, including their assigned meal and sleep breaks.
If the torque applied to one of the drive wheels exceeds the threshold of traction, then that wheel will spin, and thus only provide torque at each other driven wheel limited by the sliding friction at the slipping wheel.
If the luminosity exceeds the Eddington limit, then the radiation pressure drives an outflow.

0.801 seconds.