On the African continent, the cannon was first used by the Somali Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate in his conquest of Ethiopia in 1529.

During the protracted Ethiopian-Adal War ( 1529 – 1559 ), Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi defeated several Ethiopian Emperors and embarked on a conquest referred to as the Futuh Al-Habash (" Conquest of Abyssinia "), which brought three-quarters of Christian Abyssinia under the power of the Muslim Adal Sultanate.

* 1531 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.

In addition, Eastern Oromos who were converted to Islam ruled over most of Ethiopia together with Afars and Somalis when Horn of African Muslims who were united and led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi conquered a majority of Christian Ethiopian highlands.

At the turn of the 16th century Adal regrouped and around 1527 under the charismatic leadership of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi ( Gurey in Somali, Gragn in Amharic, both meaning " left-handed "), Adal invaded Ethiopia.

During the protracted Ethiopian-Adal War ( 1529 – 1559 ), Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi defeated several Ethiopian Emperors and embarked on a conquest referred to as the Futuh Al-Habash (" Conquest of Abyssinia "), which brought three-quarters of Christian Abyssinia under the power of the Muslim Adal Sultanate.

Imam Yahya died during an unsuccessful coup attempt in 1948 and was succeeded by his son Ahmad.

* April 4 – April 16 – Ethiopia – Battle of Jarte: The Portuguese under Christovão da Gama encounter the army of Imam Ahmad Gragn and inflict upon him two successive defeats.

* August 28 – Ethiopia – Battle of Wofla: Reinforced with at least 600 arquebusiers and cavalry, Imam Ahmad Gragn attacks the Portuguese camp.

* February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga: A joint Ethiopian-Portuguese force of 8, 500 under Emperor Gelawdewos, defeats Imam Ahmad Gran's army of over 14, 000, ending the Ethiopian – Adal War.

* February 21 – Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Imam of Adal ( in battle ) ( b. c. 1506 )

* October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.

* April 24 – Battle of Sahart: The Emperor of Ethiopia defeated an attack by the forces of Imam Ahmad Gragn.

* March 7 – March 9 – Battle of Shimbra Kure: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.

Ahmad bin Yahya, King of North Yemen, dispatched Crown Prince Imam Badr to Damascus with proposals to include their country in the new republic.

There is the place known as “ Al Mashhad al Husain ”( Masjid Imam Husain, Cairo ), wherein lie buried underground thirteen Fatemi Imams from 9th Ahmad al Mastur to 20th al A ’ amir ).

The city of Turkestan in Kazakhstan that hosts the body of the saint Ahmad Yasavi is also called the " astana " as is the city of Mashhad in Iran that is the burial place of the 8th Shiite Imam Reza.

They follow any one of the four ; Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Shafi, Imam Malik, and Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, but they primarily follow Hanafi school of fiqh.

This is strongly opposed to the extremes of either speculative philosophy as was warned against by the Imams of the Salaf, chiefly Imam Al-Shafi ' i and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, or of anthropomorphism which was strongly refuted by Sheikh Ibn Taymiyyah in his monumental al ` Aqeedat al ` Wasatiyah who defined the aqeedah or ' creed ' of the Salaf to be the balanced middle path far from the extremities of the various sects prevalent in the Muslim world ..

The Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi ( nicknamed Gurey in Somali and Gragn in Amharic ( ግራኝ Graññ ), both meaning " the left-handed ") came close to extinguishing the ancient realm of Ethiopia, and converting all of its subjects to Islam ; the intervention of the European Cristóvão da Gama, son of the famous navigator, helped the Christians.

The jurisprudence school traces back to Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 855 ) but was institutionalized by his students.

The British gave Imam Azzam's rival, Turki ibn Said Al-Busaid, financial and political support.

Turki ibn Said succeeded in defeating the forces of Imam Azzam, who was killed in battle outside Matrah in January 1871.

The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against the first Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, caused by the assassination of his political predecessor, Uthman ibn Affan.

* Ali ibn Abi Talib ( 600 – 661 ), cousin of Muhammad, fourth caliph of Islam, first Shi ' a Imam

* Hussain ibn Ali, grandson of Prophet Muhammad and third Shia Imam

* Zayd ibn Ali, Fifth Zaidi Shia Imam, ( in a Shi ' ite revolt in Kufa )

* Yahya ibn Umar, Alid Imam

* Ali ibn Husayn, great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad and fourth Shia Imam

* Ali ibn Husayn, great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad and fourth Shia Imam

* Hasan ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and second Shia Imam

; Named after Imam Hasan ibn Ali

The lahoot salbi or " negative theology " involves the use of ta ' til, which means " negation ," and the followers of the Mu ' tazili school of Kalam, founded by Imam Wasil ibn Ata, are often called the Mu ' attili, because they are frequent users of the ta ' til methodology.

* Fatima bint Hizam, mother of Abbas ibn Ali and a wife of the first Shia Imam

In the Epistles of Wisdom, Hamza ibn -' Ali ibn-Ahmad warns Ad-Darazi, saying, “ Faith does not need a sword to aid it .” However, Ad-Darazi refused Hamza ’ s threats and continued to challenge the Imam.

Imam Malik ibn Anas, the founder of another school of law, was also flogged during his rule, but al-Mansur himself did not condone this – in fact, it was his cousin, who was the governor of Madinah at the time, who did so.

* Abd al-Halim al-Jundi, Ahmad bin Hanbal Imam Ahl al-Sunnah, published in Cairo by Dar al-Ma ' arif

" Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal also spoke strongly against kalam, stating his view that no one looks into kalam unless there is " corruption in his heart ," and even went so far as to prohibit sitting with people practicing kalam even if they were defending the Sunnah, and instructing his students to warn against any person they saw practicing kalam.

He continued his predecessors support for heretical ( agreed upon by the majority of scholars ) Islamic sect of Mu ' tazila, applying his brutal military methods for torturing Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

He was then ordered to be taken to his house and was taken .’~ Taken from Usool as-Sunnah by Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal.

" Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal also spoke strongly against kalam, stating his view that no one looks into kalam unless there is " corruption in his heart ," and even went so far as to prohibit sitting with people practicing kalam even if they were defending the Sunnah, and instructing his students to warn against any person they saw practicing kalam.

Landmarks claimed in the history of Salafi da ' wah are Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 240 AH / 855 AD ) who is known among Salafis as Imam Ahl al-Sunnah, and one of the three scholars commonly titled with the honorific Sheikh ul-Islam, namely, Taqi ad-Deen Ibn Taymiyyah ( d. 728 AH / 1328 AD ) and Ibn al-Qayyim ( d. 751 AH / 1350 ).

* Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: Life & Madhab

* Diagram of teachers and students of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal

The Sunni community holds that the Qur ' an is the speech of Allah, as exemplified by the suffering of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal during the Mihna.

One of the traditions which strengthens this second view is the Hadith which Muslim, Tirmidhi, Nasa ' i and Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal have related on the authority of Hadrat ' Uqbah bin ' Amir.

Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal recorded from ` Abd Allah ibn ` Umar that the Messenger of Allah said,

'" This is related by Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, Nasa ' i, Abu Dawud, ibn Majah and Tirmidhi, who calls is hasan, and Al-Hakim who grades it sahih.

* Imam Hanbal

In Islamic theology, jurisprudence and philosophy, and in Hadith collection, many of the greatest Islamic scholars came from Khorasan, namely Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Abu Hanifa, Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, Abu Dawood, Al-Tirmidhi, Al-Nasa ' i, Al-Ghazali, Al-Juwayni, Abu Mansur Maturidi, Fakhruddin al-Razi, and others.

* Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( 780 — 855 CE )

This is strongly opposed to the extremes of either speculative philosophy as was warned against by the Imams of the Salaf, chiefly Imam Al-Shafi ' i and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, or of anthropomorphism which was strongly refuted by Sheikh Ibn Taymiyyah in his monumental Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah who defined the aqeedah or ' creed ' of the Salaf to be the balanced middle path far from the extremities of the various sects prevalent in the Muslim world.