Meanwhile, Sir Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships to the Caribbean in 1585 and 1586, and in 1587 had made a successful raid on Cadiz, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the Enterprise of England: Philip II had decided to take the war to England.

He was the eldest of the twelve sons of Edmund Drake ( 1518 – 1585 ), a Protestant farmer, and his wife Mary Mylwaye.

Drake would return in 1585, and is reported to have anchored in North Sound on Virgin Gorda prior to his tactically brilliant attack on Santo Domingo.

The islands ' prosperity brought them unwanted attention in the form of a sacking at the hands of many pirates including England's Sir Francis Drake, who in 1582 and 1585 sacked Ribeira Grande.

He took an active part during the Anglo-Spanish War in repelling an English raid led by Sir Francis Drake on Baiona and Vigo in 1585.

Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, KG ( c. 1527 – 28 July 1585 ) was an English nobleman, soldier and politician and godfather to Francis Drake.

In 1585 and 1589 Francis Drake raided the city and temporarily occupied it, leaving many buildings burnt.

Sidney and Greville arranged to sail with Sir Francis Drake in 1585 in his expedition against the Spanish West Indies, but Elizabeth forbade Drake to take them with him, and also refused Greville's request to be allowed to join Robert Dudley's army in the Netherlands.

During the Anglo-Spanish War ( 1585 – 1604 ), the original Portuguese fortifications were redesigned by Italian military engineer Giovanni Vicenzo Casale and his assistants, since privateers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, had attacked Spanish ships and possessions.

In 1585 the inhabitants of Baiona repelled an attempt to take the town by the privateer Francis Drake.

Isaac and Maria married shortly before the Spanish siege of Antwerp in 1585 after which they fled to settle in Amsterdam.

* Beata Eriksdotter Trolle, died 13 April 1591 at Steninge, married 1538 Gabriel Kristiernsson Oxenstierna, who became 1st Baron of Mörby and Steninge ( died 1585 )

* Catherine of Lorraine ( 1585 – 1618 ) married Charles Gonzaga and had issue ( Marie Louise, Queen of Poland and the Countess Palatine of Simmern ).

He was great-grandson of Sir Edward Osborne, Lord Mayor of London, who, according to the accepted account, while apprentice to Sir William Hewett, clothworker and lord mayor in 1559, made the fortunes of the family by leaping from London Bridge into the river and rescuing Anne ( d. 1585 ), the daughter of his employer, whom he afterwards married.

* Francis Russell, Baron Russell ( c. 1554 – 27 July 1585 ), married Juliana Foster and had issue, including Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, and Mary Ann Russell, wife of John Roote, and had issue

Arches were also built for dynastic weddings ; when Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy married Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain in 1585, he processed under temporary triumphal arches that asserted the antiquity of the House of Savoy and associated his dynasty, through the art and architecture of the arches, with the imperial Roman past.

Carey married in 1602 Elizabeth Tanfield ( 1585 – 1639 ), daughter and heiress of Sir Lawrence Tanfield, lord chief baron of the exchequer, and his wife Elizabeth Symonds, daughter of Giles Symondes of Claye, Norfolk.

About 1584 or 1585, he was married, probably in France, to Renee de St Martin, the former lady-in-waiting to Penelope Devereux, Lady Rich.

Russell married on 13 February 1585 at Watford, London, Elizabeth Long, only daughter and sole heiress of Henry Long of Shingay, Cambridgeshire, and granddaughter of Sir Richard Long.

By licence dated 18 June 1585 he married Mary ( c. 1567 – 1607 ), the daughter of Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton, and Mary, the daughter of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montague.

He married Elizabeth Oliphant, a daughter of Lawrence, 4th Lord of Oliphant, in spring 1585, and they had three sons and two daughters.

A princess of the Trebizond branch married an Ottoman Sultan and was the mother of prince Yahya ( born 1585 ), who reportedly became a Christian yet spent much of his life attempting to gain the Ottoman throne.

In 1585 she was married to Count Ercole Trotti.

Fenton married in June 1585, Alice, daughter of Dr Robert Weston, formerly Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and widow of Dr Hugh Brady, bishop of Meath, by whom he had two children — a son, Sir William Fenton, and a daughter, Catherine, who in 1603 married Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork.

She was married, as first wife, to Hugh ( Montgomerie ), Master of Eglintoun, afterwards ( 3 June 1585 ) fourth Earl of Eglintoun.

* Pontus De la Gardie ( 1520 – 1585 ), Governor of the Swedish Estonia ( 1574 – 1575 ) and ( 1583 – 1585 ), he married Sofia Johansdotter Gyllenhielm, the illegitimate daughter of John III of Sweden

# Henri of Lorraine ( 31 July 1570, Nancy – 26 October 1600, Vienna ), Marquis of Mouy and Count of Chaligny, married on 19 September 1585 Claude de Mouy.

After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562 – 1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II.

The outcome was the Treaty of Nonsuch of August 1585, in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch.

To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead ( for cannon-casting ) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

* McLaren, A. N. Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth, 1558 – 1585 ( Cambridge University Press, 1999 ) excerpt and text search

To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead ( for cannon-casting ) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I, and was knighted in 1585.

When the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified after 1585, Elizabeth approved further raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and against shipping returning to Europe with treasure.

Partly to provide a pretext for such hostilities against Spain, Elizabeth assisted the Dutch Revolt by signing in 1585 the Treaty of Nonsuch with the new Dutch state of the United Provinces.

Grenville's fleet departed Plymouth on April 9, 1585, with five main ships: the Tiger ( Grenville's ), the Roebuck, the Red Lion, the Elizabeth, and the Dorothy.

In August 1585, Brielle was one of the four Dutch towns that became an English possession by the Treaty of Nonsuch when Queen Elizabeth I received it as security of payment for 5000 soldiers used by the Dutch in their struggle against the Spanish.

Around 1585, Elizabeth gave birth to a daughter, Anna ( the wife of Miklós Zrinyi VI, who died after 1605 ), and, later, to daughter Katalin, son György, daughter Orsoly, two sons, Pál ( 1593 / 1597-1633 / 1650 – father of Ferenc Nádasdy II ) and András ( 1598 – 1603 ), and son, Miklós ( husband to Zsuzsanna Zrinyi ).

The exact number of young women tortured and killed by Elizabeth Báthory is unknown, though it is often speculated to be as high as 650, between the years 1585 and 1610.

Coke's first judicial postings came under Elizabeth ; in 1585, he was made Recorder of Coventry, in 1587 Norwich, and in 1592 Recorder of London, a position he resigned upon his appointment as Solicitor General.

However, in 1585, Elizabeth I signed the Treaty of Nonsuch, which officially brought England into the conflict, with the promise of 6, 500 troops ( which was then changed to 8, 000 troops ) for the Dutch.

Lincoln's Inn has maintained a corps of volunteers in times of war since 1585, when 95 members of the Inn made a pledge to protect Queen Elizabeth against Spain.

He was next sent to Court as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1543 ( which later became a Protestant establishment ), where he composed and performed for Henry VIII, Edward VI ( 1547 – 1553 ), Queen Mary ( 1553 – 1558 ), and Queen Elizabeth I ( 1558 until Tallis died in 1585 ).

Anne's father was soon appointed curate ( deputy vicar ) of Saint Wilfrid's, the local church in Alford, and in 1585 he also became the schoolmaster at the Alford Free Grammar School, one of many such public schools, free to the poor, begun by Queen Elizabeth.

The date of his birth is unrecorded, but he succeeded to the earldom ( created 1453 ) in 1585, was early converted to Roman Catholicism, and as the associate of Huntly joined in the Spanish conspiracies against the throne of Elizabeth I of England.

He engaged in a lengthy war from 1585 with her sister Elizabeth I, and he and his successor Philip III supported the Irish Catholic rebels up to the siege of Kinsale in 1601 at great expense but without success.

Sir John Perrot, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, established County Coleraine between the Rivers Bann and Foyle in 1585 during the reign of Elizabeth I.