The Thirty Years ' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European powers.

Prior to establishment of the Intendant of New France and the Sovereign Council, the Governor shared legislative, executive and judicial powers with the old Council of Quebec, which was established by the royal statues of 1647 and 1648 .< ref >" Jean Talon.

The need to control trade routes, monopolies, and slavery, which lay primarily in the hands of the French during the 17th century, created an almost endless cycle of wars between the colonial powers: the French religious wars, the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 and 1648 ), Franco – Spanish War ( 1653 ), the Franco-Dutch War ( 1672 – 1678 ), and so on.

The Thirty Years ' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers.

The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the age of discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.

A map of Europe in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia.

Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents.

A simplified map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Map of Europe in 1648 showing the three Romanian principalities: Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldova

The Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe.

The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the great European war at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 helped establish post-war Sweden as a force in Europe.

Europe in 1648, after the Treaty of Westphalia

The Danish economy benefited from the Eighty Years ' War ( 1568 – 1648 ) in the Netherlands because a large number of skilled refugees from that area ( the most economically advanced in Europe ) came to Denmark.

Before Richelieu's ascent to power, most of Europe had become involved in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ).

Europe in Crisis, 1598 – 1648.

* Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598 – 1648.

Nevertheless the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil and Africa, managed to retake Luanda, in Portuguese Angola, from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered most of Brazil, effectively ceasing to be a viable Dutch colony.

In the War of the Austrian Succession he took command of an army division sent to invade Austria in 1741, and on 19 November 1741, surprised Prague during the night, and seized it before the garrison was aware of the presence of an enemy, a coup de main which made him famous throughout Europe ; he thus repeated the exploit of 1648 of his maternal great-grandfather, Hans Christoff von Königsmarck.

Her lengthy novels, such as Artamène, ou le Grand Cyrus ( 10 vols., 1648 – 53 ), Clélie ( 10 vols., 1654 – 61 ), Ibrahim, ou l ' illustre Bassa ( 4 vols., 1641 ), Almahide, ou l ' esclave reine ( 8 vols., 1661-3 ) were the delight of Europe, commended by other literary figures such as Madame de Sévigné.

The modern necktie taken up, then spread by, Western Europe traces back to the time of Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) when Croatian mercenaries from the Croatian Military Frontier in French service, wearing their traditional small, knotted neckerchiefs, aroused the interest of the Parisians.

By 1648, with the end of the Thirty Years ' War, the official religious balance of established Christianity in Europe was permanently stabilized, but new fields for evangelization were offered by vast regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas then being explored.

This volume covers the history of Europe and the Near East from 1559 to 1648.

Following the onset of the Protestant Reformation, a series of wars were waged in Europe starting circa 1524 and continuing intermittently until 1648.

Category: 1648 in Europe

By the time of Christian IV's death in 1648, Copenhagen had become Denmark's principal fortification and naval port, and the town formed a framework for the administration of the Danish kingdom and as a centre of trade in Northern Europe.

Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

Category: 1648 in Europe

* 1648 – Eighty Years ' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.

* 1648 – The Treaty of Westphalia is signed.

* 1648 – The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years ' War.

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster.

Westphalia is known for the 1648 Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years ' War, as the two treaties were signed in Münster and Osnabrück.

The Peace of Westphalia of 1648, signed in Münster and Osnabrück, ended the Thirty Years ' War.

After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics, organised in Confederate Ireland, still recognised Charles I, and later Charles II, as legitimate monarchs, in opposition to the claims of the English Parliament, and signed a formal treaty with Charles I in 1648.

On 12 May 1689 the Dutch and the Holy Roman Emperor had signed an offensive compact in Vienna, the aims of which were no less than to force France back to her borders as they were at the end of the Thirty Years War ( 1648 ), and the Franco-Spanish War ( 1659 ), thus depriving Louis XIV of all his gains since his assumption of power.

The treaty of Munster, ending the long struggle between the Dutch and the Spaniards, was not actually signed until 30 January 1648, the illness and death of the stadtholder having caused a delay in the negotiations.

Preston played a major part in the Confederates ' internal strife, siding at first with radicals who opposed the first Ormonde peace, but later siding with the moderates who signed a conclusive treaty with Ormonde and the Royalists in 1648.

In the broader context of the treaties between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire of 14 and 24 October 1648, which comprise the Peace of Westphalia, but which were not signed by the Republic, the Republic now also gained formal " independence " from the Holy Roman Empire, just like the Swiss Cantons.

After five years ' negotiations, and a bitter quarrel with the comte d ' Avaux, which ended in the latter's recall, Servien signed the two treaties of 24 October 1648 which were part of the general Peace of Westphalia.

With Montrose he signed the Cumbernauld Bond in August 1640, but took no active steps against the popular party till 1648, when he joined the Duke of Hamilton in his invasion of England, escaping from the rout at Preston.

Fifty etched plates, most of them dated 1647 – 1648, were disposed of in 1686. there are 220 of his pictures in public and private collections, of which 104 are signed and dated, while seventeen are signed with the name but not with the date.

In 1648, in the wake of Charles I's arrest, and the growing threat to them from the armies of the English Parliament, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists.

Although the Peace of Westphalia was signed in 1648, the troops remained two years longer because the outstanding taxes had not been paid.

In December 1648, Lilburne was nominated as one of the Commissioners at the trial of Charles I, he attended the trial and signed the king's death warrant.

In the eighty years between 1568, when the Netherlands became a loose affiliation of Walloon and Flemish provinces, and 1648, when the Treaty of Münster was signed with the Spanish, the Dutch had been practicing the delicate art of cobbling together different ethnicities and religious faiths into a viable economic entity.

The Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648 at the nearby cities of Münster and Osnabrück, had essentially expelled Protestantism from the Werne region.

The Peace of Münster was a treaty between the Dutch Republic and Spain signed in 1648.

On 30 January 1648, the parties reached an agreement and a text was sent to The Hague and Madrid to be signed.

Mathieu lived until 1677, and appears to have painted until the mid-1650s, although no works are signed after 1648.

On 22 December 1648 Hutchinson signed the protest against the votes of the House of Commons accepting the concessions made by the king at the treaty of Newport, and consented to act as one of the judges at the trial of Charles I.