Through the defeat of the Catholic hegemony over Switzerland and the end of the lengthy religious disputes that had riven the Confederacy, the 11 August 1712 Peace of Aarau () established confessional parity, allowing both religions to coexist in legal equality — a concept relatively common to the Holy Roman Empire since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

During the first war of the Fronde ( 1648 – 1649 ), he assisted Condé in the brief siege of Paris ( January 1649 ); and in the second war of the Fronde ( 1650 – 1653 ), remaining loyal to the queen regent Anne of Austria and the court party, he won his greatest triumph in defeating Turenne and the allied Spaniards and rebels at Retbel ( or Blanc-Champ ) in 1650.

There was even a brief period of civil war in 1648 between Owen Roe O ' Neill's Ulster Army, as he refused to accept the Royalist alliance, and the new Royalist – Confederate coalition.

To add to the turmoil, a brief civil war was fought between Irish Confederate factions in 1648.

It enjoyed a brief period of popularity in Paris around 1648.

He used his power to attempt to suppress the Moderate Intelligencer of John Dillingham in June 1648 after Dillingham inserted a brief sentence of French in the issue of May 11, 1648: " Dieu nous donne les Parlements briefe, Rois de vie longue.

The pope, however, refused to approve his censures, and all he could obtain was a brief from Pope Innocent X ( on May 14, 1648 ), commanding the Jesuits to respect the episcopal jurisdiction.

This provoked the Second Civil War ( 1648 – 49 ) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason.

* 1648 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.

The Second English Civil War began when unpaid Parliamentarian troops in Pembrokeshire changed sides in early 1648.

In 1648, during the Second English Civil War, Charles moved to The Hague, where his sister Mary and his brother-in-law William II, Prince of Orange, seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the royalist cause than the Queen's French relations.

There was a period of virtually continual war and preparation for war, including the Kalmar War ( 1611 – 1613 ), the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), the Second Northern War ( 1655 – 1658 ), the Gyldenløve War ( 1675 – 1679 ) and culminating in the Great Northern War ( 1700 – 1721 ).

When the Second English Civil War broke out they joined Royalist combatant Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland in Surrey, in July 1648.

Pride ’ s Purge was an event that took place in December 1648, during the Second English Civil War, when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents.

In September 1648, at the end of the Second English Civil War, the Long Parliament was concerned with the increasing radicalism in the New Model Army.

In 1648, Langdale was among those who joined the Royalist side in the Second English Civil War and who supported the Scottish Engager invasion of England.

Other manuscripts include: Francesco di Giorgio's mid-16th century Treatise of Architecture ; Nicholas Stone's two account books covering 1631 – 42, and his son also Nicholas Stone Sketch Book ( France & Italy ) 1648 and Henry Stone's sketch book 1638 ; Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne's The Second Epistle ; James Gibbs's A few short cursory remarks on buildings in Rome ; Joshua Reynolds's two sketches books from Rome ; Torquato Tasso's early manuscript of Gerusalemme Liberata.

In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky ( Chmielnicki ) Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, thus comprising the Polish – Lithuanian theaters of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars.

In 1648, during the Second English Civil War, the Royalist leaders Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle were executed just to the rear of the castle.

: See Battle of Preston ( 1648 ) for the battle of the Second English Civil War.

During this divisive period the Confederates missed a second strategic chance to reorganise while their opponents were engaged in the Second English Civil War ( 1648 – 49 ), which was lost by their royalist allies.

The Wars included the Bishops ' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644 – 45 ; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642 – 49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 ( collectively the Eleven years war or Irish Confederate Wars ); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642 – 46, 1648 – 49 and 1650 – 51.

* 1648 – 1649: The Second English Civil War

In 1648, he voted for such a deal, The Second Ormonde Peace, splitting with Owen Roe O ' Neill, who opposed it along with most of the Ulster army.

The Second English Civil War ( 1648 – 1649 ) was the second of three wars known as the English Civil War ( or Wars ) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and also include the First English Civil War ( 1642 – 1646 ) and the Third English Civil War ( 1649 – 1651 ).

From 1646 to 1648 the breach between Army and Parliament widened day by day until finally the Presbyterian party, combined with the Scots and the remaining Royalists, felt itself strong enough to begin a Second Civil War.

From 1648 he served as Second in Command of Polish Royal Artillery.

" The English Civil War " was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, and includes the Second English Civil War ( 1648 – 1649 ) and the Third English Civil War ( 1649 – 1651 ).

The English Civil War can be divided into three: the First English Civil War ( 1642 – 1646 ), the Second English Civil War ( 1648 – 1649 ), and the Third English Civil War ( 1649 – 1651 ).

Thus the army remained under the control and intact, so it was able to take the field when in July 1648 the Second English Civil War started.

In June 1648, at the outbreak of the Second English Civil War, Scrope was ordered to join Colonel Whalley in the pursuit of the Earl of Norwich and the Kentish royalists, and he took part in the siege of Colchester.

The earliest recorded use of this term in English dates to 1648, in Thomas Gage's The English-American: A New Survet of the West Indies.

* 1721 – Grinling Gibbons, English sculptor and woodcarver ( b. 1648 )

* 1648 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet ( d. 1721 )

Lord Herbert of Cherbury ( 1583 – 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English Deism ," and his book De Veritate ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury ( d. 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English deism ", and his book De Veritate ( On Truth, as It Is Distinguished from Revelation, the Probable, the Possible, and the False ) ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

* 1648 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England ( d. 1730 )

– 2 February 1648 ) was an English writer, known as " The Puritan " and a politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1648.

* 1648 – England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.

* John Nash ( MP ) ( 1590 – 1661 ), English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1648

For events between 1642 and 1648, See First English Civil War

* 1648 – Thomas Ford, English composer

** John Bainbridge, English astronomer ( d. 1648 )

* May 30 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England ( b. 1648 )

** Peter Oliver, English miniaturist ( d. 1648 )

* February 12 – Elkanah Settle, English writer ( b. 1648 )

* February 24 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet ( b. 1648 )

* March 29 – Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English parliamentary general ( d. 1648 )

* March 3 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher ( d. 1648 )

* January 6 – Richard Hoare, English goldsmith and banker ( b. 1648 )

* August 29 – Gregory King, English statistician ( b. 1648 )

* July 12 ( or 13 ) – Titus Oates, English conspirator ( b. 1648 )

The castle changed hands three times during the English Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell passed through on his way to retaking Chepstow Castle and laying siege to Pembroke Castle in 1648.