Ahmed II was born at Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ibrahim I ( 1640 – 48 ) by Valide Sultan Khadija Muazzez, and succeeded his brother Suleiman II ( 1687 – 91 ) in 1691.

In 1691, an article in the London Gazette mentioned John Lofting, who held a patent for a fire engine: " The said patentee has also projected a very useful engine for starting of beer, and other liquors which will draw from 20 to 30 barrels an hour, which are completely fixed with brass joints and screws at reasonable rates ".

In August 1691 the Austrians under Louis of Baden regained the advantage by heavily defeating the Turks at the Battle of Slankamen on the Danube, securing Habsburg possession of Hungary and Transylvania.

Two days after preaching, as usual, at the Gracechurch Street Meeting House in London, George Fox died between 9 and 10 p. m. on 13 January 1691.

The complete defeat of James in Ireland by William at the Battle of Aughrim ( 1691 ), ended matters for a time.

William Dampier called into St Helena in 1691 at the end of his first of three circumnavigations of the world and stated Jamestown comprised 20 – 30 small houses built with rough stones furnished with mean furniture.

The French, who had colonized the Saint Lawrence River valley to the north, and the English, who had taken over the Dutch settlements that became the Province of New York to the south, began contesting the area as early as 1691, when Pieter Schuyler built a small wooden fort at the Ticonderoga point on the western shore of the lake.

Sir Christopher Wren has since the eighteenth century been claimed by the Lodge of Antiquity No. 2, one of the four founding Masonic Lodges of the Grand Lodge of England in 1717, to have been its Master at the Goose and Gridiron at St. Paul's churchyard, while he was rebuilding the cathedral: he is said to have been " adopted " on 18 May 1691 ( that is, accepted as a sort of honorary member or patron, rather than an operative ).

Between 1691 and 1701, Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion, but negotiations broke down precisely at this point.

The county was transferred to Massachusetts on October 7, 1691, and at the same time Nantucket Island was split into the separate Nantucket County, Massachusetts.

Chartres had his first experience of battle at the siege of Mons in 1691, the year before his marriage.

The game was very popular at the court of King Charles II, and even after 15 January 1691 when Louis XIV issued an order from the privy council, by which he expressly forbade not only the officers belonging to his array, but likewise all other persons of whatever sex or denomination to play at Hoca, Pharaoh, Barbacole and Basset.

She fought at Barfleur in 1691 before being wrecked in a gale in Kinsale harbour in 1693.

In 1691, he served in Ireland, with the rank of major-general, gaining fame at the Battle of Aughrim and at the sieges of Athlone, Galway and Limerick.

Catholics and Presbyterians — who together made up a large majority of the Irish population — were completely excluded from public life at this time under the Penal Laws, in force in Ireland from 1691 until the early 1780s.

In 1691 Richard died at sea ; the post declined.

Here his evangelistic fervour attracted multitudes to his preaching, including Roman Catholics, but at the same time excited the anger of his opponents ; and the result of their opposition was that after a ministry of fifteen months he was commanded by the civil authorities ( September 27, 1691 ) to leave Erfurt within forty-eight hours.

But in 1691 the Saxon representative at Berlin induced the court of Brandenburg to offer him the rectorship of St Nicholas in Berlin with the title of " Konsistorialrat.

Bentley wrote the Epistola ad Johannem Millium, which is about 100 pages included at the end of the Oxford Malalas ( 1691 ).

In 1689 Hody wrote the Prolegomena to the Greek chronicle of John Malalas, published at Oxford in 1691.

He graduated at Edinburgh University in 1691, and became a regent at St Andrews.

In 1605 there were 152 families that were qualified to rule, by 1691 that number was only 104, while towards the end of the 18th century there were only 69 such families.

Under Ottoman rule, it became a sanjak centre in Rumeli Eyaleti as " Avlonya "; and after coming under Venetian possession in 1690, the city was restored to the Turks in 1691, becoming a kaza of the sanjak of Berat in the vilayet ( province ) of Janina.

Leisler's rule ended in 1691 when British sovereign William III of England sent troops to evict him.

The Dominion collapsed in 1689, and the New Hampshire communities again came under Massachusetts rule until a provincial charter was issued in 1691 by William and Mary.

The town was retaken by the Duke of Savoy in 1630 ; and in 1691 it was captured by the troops of the Marquis de Vins during the War of the League of Augsburg.

The mathematical properties of the catenary curve were first studied by Robert Hooke in the 1670s, and its equation was derived by Leibniz, Huygens and Johann Bernoulli in 1691.

In 1691 Gottfried Leibniz, Christiaan Huygens, and Johann Bernoulli derived the equation in response to a challenge by Jakob Bernoulli.

Image: Ch20_asago. jpg | Genji Monogatari, by Tosa Mitsuoki ( 1617 – 1691 ), Japanese

In 1691, he wrote the music for what is sometimes considered his dramatic masterpiece, King Arthur, with the libretto by Dryden and first published by the Musical Antiquarian Society in 1843.

Following many other discoveries and publications, in 1691, Malpighi was uprooted from his beloved home in Bologna and summoned to Rome by Pope Innocent XII as papal physician, which position he held until his death three years later.

His tomb in St. Peter's was designed by Count Arrigo di San Martino and sculpted ( 1691 – 1725 ) by Angelo de ' Rossi and Giuseppe Bertosi.

After returning home the Governor was able to raise his family to a position of wealth and political influence which he acquired in 1691 by purchasing the property of Boconnoc in Cornwall which gave him control of a seat in parliament.

Plymouth was absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony with the issuance of the Massachusetts Bay charter of 1691.

Captured by Nicolas Catinat in 1691, Nice was restored to Savoy in 1696 ; but it was again besieged by the French in 1705, and in the following year its citadel and ramparts were demolished.

The first explicit description of iridological principles such as homolaterality ( without using the word iridology ) are found in Chiromatica Medica, a famous work published in 1665 and reprinted in 1670 and 1691 by Philippus Meyeus ( Philip Meyen von Coburg ).

The evidence whether Wren was a speculative freemason is the subject of the Prestonian Lecture of 2011, which concludes on the evidence of two obituaries and Aubrey's memoirs, with supporting materials, that he did indeed attend the closed meeting in 1691, probably of the Lodge of Antiquity, but that there is nothing to suggest that he was ever a Grand Officer as claimed by Anderson.

Cornelis Tromp, 1629 – 1691 by Sir Peter Lely, painted c. 1675.

The name " saros " () was first given to the eclipse cycle by Edmond Halley in 1691, who took it from the Suda, a Byzantine lexicon of the 11th century.

It continued to be an expensive institution to run, particularly when the prison was full, such as during 1691 when numbers were inflated by the campaign against French Protestants and the annual cost of running the Bastille rose to 232, 818 livres.

He died on 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver, east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691.

** Sir John Flavel, English dissenter ( d. 1691 )

The Premier Baronetcy of Ireland was created for Sir Dominic Sarsfield in 1619, and was held by his successors until the attainder of the 4th Viscount Sarsfield in 1691.

* Sir Cornelis Tromp, 1st Baronet, of Holland ( 1675 )-also created Ridder in the Dutch nobility, extinct 1691

A member of the Anglo-Irish elite of Protestant background, Grattan was the son of James Grattan MP, of Belcamp Park, County Dublin ( d. 1766 ), and Mary ( 1724 – 1768 ), youngest daughter of Sir Thomas Marlay ( 1691 – 1756 ), Attorney-General of Ireland, Chief Baron of the Exchequer and finally Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench ( Ireland ).

* Sir Henry Grey, 1st Baronet ( 1691 – 1749 )

Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey ( c. 1656 – 25 August 1711 ) son of Sir Edward Villiers ( 1620 – 1689 ) of Richmond and Frances Howard, the youngest daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk and Elizabeth Hume, was created Baron Villiers and Viscount Villiers in 1691 and Earl of Jersey in 1697.

* Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet ( c. 1647 – 1691 ), a younger son of the 2nd Baronet

Sir Dudley North ( 16 May 1641, Westminster – 31 December 1691, London ) was an English merchant, politician and economist, a writer on free trade.

* Sir Edward Perceval, 4th Baronet ( 1682 – 1691 )

* Sir John Gage, 5th Baronet ( c. 1691 – 1700 )

* Sir John Hotham, 3rd Baronet ( 1655 – 1691 )

* Sir Robert Parker, 1st Baronet ( died 1691 ), English politician ; Member of Parliament for Hastings, 1679 – 1685

Sir Joshua Allen ( d. 1691 ), father of the first Viscount, was Lord Mayor of Dublin.

The resulting Province of Massachusetts Bay, whose charter was issued in 1691 and began operating in 1692 under governor Sir William Phips, combined the territories of those two provinces, along with the islands south of Cape Cod ( Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands ) that had been Dukes County in the colony of New York.

The general spirit of his comedies is well exemplified by a line from Sir Anthony Love ( 1691 ) " every day a new mistress and a new quarrel.

* Sir Valentine Browne, 1st Viscount Kenmare, 3rd Baronet ( 1638 – 1694 ), attained 1691

In 1691 Duart Castle was surrendered by Sir John Maclean, 4th Baronet to Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll.

* 1691: Sir Henry Bellasyse

* Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh ( 1636 – 1691 ), Lord Advocate, writer, founder of the Advocates ' Library, the precursor to the National Library of Scotland

It was created a third time in 1685 for Sir Richard Talbot, along with the subsidiary titles Viscount Baltinglass and Baron Talbotstown, but all these titles were forfeit in 1691 when Lord Tyrconnell joined King James II against the Glorious Revolution.

Sir John Stawell, the Baron Stawell, claimed to be the lord of the manor of Babcary in 1594 and his family continued these claims until 1691.