Physical force Irish republicanism as an ideology had a long history, from the United Irishmen of the 1798 and 1803 rebellions, to the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 and the 1867 rebellion by the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

** Robert Jephson, Irish dramatist ( d. 1803 )

* September 24 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer ( d. 1803 )

* Thomas Russell the United Irishman co-founder who took part in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and Robert Emmet's failed rebellion of 1803 was gaoled and executed at Down County Gaol by hanging on October 21, 1803.

Robert Emmet ( 4 March 1778 – 20 September 1803 ) was an Irish nationalist and Republican, orator and rebel leader.

Though early settlers included French, Acadian, German, Danish and Irish, the town's culture and architecture is heavily influenced by the unusually large numbers of English that chose to settle there after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

See also F Hardy, Memoirs of Lord Charlemont ( London, 1812 ); Warden Flood, Memoirs of Henry Flood ( London, 1838 ); Francis Plowden, Historical Review of the State of Ireland ( London, 1803 ); Alfred Webb, Compendium of Irish Biography ( Dublin, 1878 ); Sir Jonah Barrington, Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation ( London, 1833 ); WJ O ' Neill Daunt, Ireland and her Agitators ; Lord Mountmorres, History of the Irish Parliament ( 2 vole., London, 1792 ); Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III ( 4 vols., London, 1845 and 1894 ); Lord Stanhope, Life of William Pitt ( 4 vols., London, 1861 ); Thomas Davis, Life of JP Curran ( Dublin, 1846 ) this contains a memoir of Grattan by DO Madden, and Grattan's reply to Lord Clare on the question of the Union ; Charles Phillips, Recollections of Curran and some of his Contemporaries ( London, 1822 ); JA Froude, The English in Ireland ( London, 1881 ); JG McCarthy, Henry Grattan: an Historical Study ( London, 1886 ); Lord Mahon's History of England, vol.

Reformist politicians such as Henry Grattan ( 1746 – 1820 ), Wolfe Tone ( 1763 – 1798 ), Robert Emmet ( 1778 – 1803 ), Sir John Gray ( 1815-1875 ), and Charles Stewart Parnell ( 1846 – 1891 ), were also Protestant nationalists, and in large measure led and defined Irish nationalism.

The declaration saw the wars and revolts of 1594 – 1603, 1641 – 50, 1689 – 91, 1798, 1803, 1848, 1867 and 1916 as a continuing attempt at gaining Irish self-government, with or without links to the crown.

The majority of the Irish leaders in the rebellions of 1798, 1803, 1848, 1867 and 1916 were imprisoned there.

* There was also an Irish hired armed cutter Africa, of 70 tons burthen ( bm ), in Royal Navy service from 12 December 1803 to 12 January 1810.

* date unknown-Robert Jephson, Irish dramatist ( died 1803 )

He is reputed to have played a part in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and 1803.

Robert Jephson ( 1736 – 31 May 1803 ) was an Irish dramatist and politician.

A large tomb in the grounds of the cathedral was built much later by John O ' Donnell ( 1803 – 1879 ), the most prominent descendant two centuries later, and whose own direct male descendant was the late Patrick Denis O ' Donnell ( 1922 – 2005 ), well-known Irish military historian.

The earliest settlers to the area arrived between 1803 – 1811, most of whom were of English or Irish descent, along with a few French and Scottish.

An alternative suggestion is that Congreve adapted iron-cased gunpowder rockets for use by the British military from prototypes created by the Irish nationalist Robert Emmet for use during Emmet's Rebellion in 1803.

In 1803, Robert Emmet, the brother of one of the United Irish leaders launched another one-day rebellion in the city, however, it was put down easily and Emmet himself was hanged, drawn and quartered.

A second attempt at forming an independent Irish republic occurred under Robert Emmet in 1803.

William Smith O ' Brien (; 17 October 1803 – 18 June 1864 ) was an Irish Nationalist and Member of Parliament ( MP ) and leader of the Young Ireland movement.

* 1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet ( d. 1803 )

* 1724 – Giovanni Battista Casti, Italian poet and author ( d. 1803 )

* 1803 – Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Russian poet ( d. 1873 )

* 1716 – Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet ( d. 1803 )

Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton PC ( 25 May 1803 – 18 January 1873 ), was an English politician, poet, playwright, and novelist.

* 1803 – Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet ( b. 1716 )

* 1803 – Marjory Fleming, Scottish writer and poet ( d. 1811 )

Ralph Waldo Emerson ( May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882 ) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

* December 23 – Ippolit Bogdanovich, Russian poet ( d. 1803 )

** Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet ( d. 1803 )

* July 2 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet ( d. 1803 )

* April 2 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet ( d. 1803 )

Robert Stephen Hawker ( 3 December 1803 – 15 August 1875 ) was an Anglican priest, poet, antiquarian of Cornwall and reputed eccentric.

* Jean François de Saint-Lambert ( 1716 – 1803 ), poet

Julius Mosen ( 8 July 1803 – 10 October 1867 ) was a German poet and author of Jewish descent, associated with the Young Germany movement, and now remembered principally for his patriotic poem the Andreas-Hofer-Lied.

Jean François de Saint-Lambert ( 26 December 1716 – 9 February 1803 ) was a French poet and military officer, but he is most remembered for his involvement in two love affairs.

* April 27-Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet and essayist ( born 1803 )

* May 21-José María Heredia y Campuzano, Cuban poet ( born 1803 )

Ludwig GleimJohann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim ( 2 April 1719 – 18 February 1803 ) was a German poet.

** Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet ( died 1803 )

* July 2-Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, poet ( died 1803 ) )

* October 25-James Beattie, poet ( died 1803 )

* August 25-Johann Gottfried Herder, German poet ( died 1803 )

Professor James Beattie FRSE ( 25 October 1735 – 18 August 1803 ) was a Scottish poet, moralist and philosopher.