These proved crucial in 1813 and 1814, when Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington's army besieged the city in the Napoleonic Wars, only taking it when they used a bridge of ships across the Adour to position artillery around the city.

The Duke of Wellington and his army of British and Portuguese gradually pushed the French out of Spain and in early 1814, as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the Prussians, Austrians, and Russians, Wellington invaded southern France.

* May 3, 1814 – The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII of France, returns to Paris.

In 1814, when French rule in Italy ended ( but after the death of Duke Ercole ), Modena was returned to his daughter Mary Beatrice and her son, Archduke Francis of Austria-Este.

* Archibald Hamilton, 9th Duke of Hamilton – Paragon ( 1786 ), Spadille ( 1787 ), Young Flora ( 1788 ), Tartar ( 1792 ), Petronius ( 1808 ), Ashton ( 1809 ), William ( 1814 )

The Duke of Wellington in 1814

Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( 6 May 1769 – 18 June 1824 ) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1790 to 1801 and, after a period of disenfranchisement, again from 1814 to 1824.

He was also the Prince-elector and Grand Duke of Salzburg ( 1803 – 1806 ) and Grand Duke of Würzburg ( 1806 – 1814 ).

On 30 May 1814, after Napoleon's fall, Ferdinand was restored as Grand Duke of Tuscany.

* 25 December 1805-27 April 1814 His Royal Highness Grand Duke of Würzburg

Towards the end of the Peninsular War between France, Spain, Portugal, and Britain in 1814, British and Allied forces, under the Duke of Wellington, entered France and took control of the region and followed Marshall Soult's army, defeating the French near the adjoining town of Tarbes before the final battle took place outside Toulouse on 10 April 1814 which brought the war to an end.

Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster ( 6 October 1731 – 27 March 1814 ), known before 1747 as Lady Emily Lennox, from 1747 to 1761 as The Countess of Kildare and from 1761 to 1766 as The Marchioness of Kildare, was the second of the famous Lennox sisters, daughters of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and illegitimately descended from King Charles II of England.

A warm friendship sprang up between Mme de Staël and the Duke of Wellington, whom she had first met in 1814, and she used her influence with him to have the size of the Army of Occupation greatly reduced.

The titles of Duke of Wellington and Marquess Douro were bestowed upon Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, on 11 May 1814.

The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Wellington are: Marquess of Wellington ( 1812 ), Marquess Douro ( 1814 ), Earl of Mornington ( 1760 – but only inherited by the Dukes of Wellington in 1863 ), Earl of Wellington ( 1812 ), Viscount Wellesley ( 1760 – inherited in 1863 ), Viscount Wellington ( 1809 ), Baron Mornington ( 1746 – also inherited in 1863 ), and Baron Douro ( 1809 ).

:* George John Frederick Manners, Marquess of Granby ( 1813 – 1814 ), second son of the 5th Duke, died in infancy

Alexandra's father was Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife ( 1840 – 1912 ), the son of the 5th Earl of Fife ( 1814 – 1879 ) and his wife, the former Lady Agnes Hay.

* George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl ( 1814 – 1864 ) ( eldest son of James Murray, 1st Baron Glenlyon ; see below )

* George Murray, 2nd Baron Glenlyon ( 1814 – 1864 ) ( succeeded as 6th Duke of Atholl in 1846 )

* 25 October 1814 – 21 September 1824 His Serene Highness The Duke of Nemours

The arrival of the Duke of Wellington's veterans after the first defeat of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte allowed the British to launch an ultimately unsuccessful offensive into the United States during the summer and autumn months of 1814, but it was Prevost, de Rottenburg, and some of Wellington's officers that led that attack as Wellington remained behind in England.

* Ernst Curtius ( 1814 – 1896 ), German archaeologist, historian

* Ernst Kossak ( 1814 – 1880 ), journalist

After Napoleon's defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris by General Ernst von Pfuel, the Quadriga was restored to Berlin and Victoria's wreath of oak leaves was supplemented with a new symbol of Prussian power, the Iron Cross.

* October 8-Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, violinist and composer ( b. 1814 )

Ernst Curtius ( September 2, 1814 – July 11, 1896 ) was a German archaeologist and historian.

* Ernst Curtius ( 1814 – 1896 ), archaeologist and historian

* Fan Elun, The life and works of Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst ( 1814 – 1865 ) with emphasis on his reception as violinist and composer, ( Cornell University 1993 ).

* Napoleon I ( 1804 – 1814, 1815 ), also King of Italy ( 1805 – 1814 ) and Emperor in Elba ( 1814 – 1815 )

Since 3 May 1814, the Sovereign Principality of Elba was created a miniature non-hereditary Monarchy under the exiled French Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon I was allowed, by the treaty of Fontainebleau with ( 27 April ), to enjoy, for life, the imperial title.

* 1814 – Emperor Napoleon I of France arrives at Portoferraio on the island of Elba to begin his exile.

* 1814 – Napoleon I of France is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.

It was ruled by King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, but Prussia regained control after Napoleon's defeat in 1814.

It is represented in print by the so-called Calcutta I ( 1814 – 1818 ) and most notably by the Leiden edition ( 1984 ), which is based above all on the Galland manuscript.

* 1814 – Calcutta I, the earliest existing Arabic printed version, is published by the British East India Company.

In 1799 King Victor Emmanuel I was ousted from Piedmont by the French army, and moved his court to Cagliari ( the King returned to Turin only in 1814 ).

Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, King William I of the Netherlands fortified the city heavily.

Following the ousting of Napoleon I in 1814, the Coalition restored the Bourbon Dynasty in pushing Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Louis XVIII spent twenty-three years in exile, from 1791 to 1814, during the French Revolution and the First French Empire, and again in 1815, for 111 days, upon the return of Napoleon I from Elba.

His only daughter, Maria Beatrice d ' Este, married Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este, son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ; and in 1814 their eldest son, Francis IV, received back the estates of the Este.

At the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Hortense received the protection of Alexander I, Tsar of Russia ; at his instigation she was created duchess of Saint-Leu by King Louis XVIII.

After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, Eugène retired to Munich and at the behest of his father-in-law Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, did not get involved with Napoleon and France again.

Distressed at being seen as a heartless wife and indifferent mother, she wrote on 9 August 1814: " I am in a very unhappy and critical position ; I must be very prudent in my conduct.

Several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway ( Haakon V of Norway, Christian I of Norway, Frederick I, Christian III, Frederick II, Christian IV, as well as Frederick III of Norway who integrated Norway into the Oldenburg state with Denmark, Slesvig and Holstein, after which it was not independent until 1814 ).

Napoleon I of France named him lieutenant of the dragoons in 1814.

In 1814 Blois was for a short time the seat of the regency of Marie Louise, wife of Napoleon I.

The Battle of Château-Thierry ( 1814 ) in the Napoleonic Wars between France and Prussia, and Battle of Château-Thierry ( 1918 ) in World War I, between the United States and Germany.

William I, the King of the Netherlands, incorporated four regiments of Swiss infantry in the new Dutch Army between 1814 and 1829, of which the 4th ( Regiment Swiss nr.